What led to the growth: ________ made western travel easier and quicker than wagon trains.

What led to the growth: There was a lot of ______ available for __________ (Homestead Act, 1862).

What led to the growth: _________ of precious minerals like __________.

Railroads & the West: In 1862, Congress passed the __________ to help private companies build ________ (across the country) railroads.

Railroads & the West: Railroad companies were given __________ and square miles of ________ to construct railroads across the nation.

Railroads & the West: The ______ Railroad Companies that built the 1st Transcontinental Railroad received ______ square miles of land for every mile of track laid in territories and ______ square miles for every mile laid in existing states.

Railroads & the West: The companies could then __________________________ to people wanting to settle in that area to help cover the cost of ___________.

What was going on in 1862 that would make the federal government cash strapped?

Some companies held onto the land _________________________.

The companies used it as ____________________________.

Since they owned the land's _______________________ (the ownership of all minerals — _____________, etc. — beneath their property), it was more valuable to keep (most __________________ still own those rights today).

The railroad companies received an approximate __________________________ of land (about __________ square miles).

This land in the Western territories was owned by the government BUT the land was home to __________________ (including the Arapaho, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Comanche, Crow, Kiowa, Kiowa Apache, Lakota, and Ute).

In ______, the first Transcontinental Railroad was completed.

In ______, the __________ Pacific & __________ Pacific Transcontinental Railroads were completed.

Railroad Towns: As the __________ grew, towns sprang up along the railroads throughout the Great Plains.

Railroad Towns — What brought these settlers to the towns? __________ like working on the railroads or opening their own businesses.

Railroad Towns — What brought these settlers to the towns? __________ and the hope of striking it rich.

Railroad Towns — What brought these settlers to the towns? __________.

Railroad Towns — Where did the people come from? __________.

Railroad Towns — Other countries like __________.

Railroad Towns — The Irish & Chinese helped __________.

Railroad Towns — Foreigners often made up __________ of the populations of the new towns.

Railroad Towns — __________ prohibited further immigration of people from China to the U.S.

Mining & the West: __________ strikes in Colorado, Nevada, Montana, Arizona, and Idaho brought thousands of __________ to the West.

Gold near Pike's Peak (1859): In 1859, __________ was discovered near Pike's Peak.

Gold near Pike's Peak (1859): Over __________ flocked to Colorado to try to strike it rich—hundreds of newcomers arrived each day.

Gold near Pike's Peak (1859): Most were __________ and most were born in the __________.

Gold near Pike's Peak (1859): About __________ were from Western Europe.

Gold near Pike's Peak (1859): Most __________ and returned home.

Impact on Native Americans: The newcomers settled on land where the __________ lived.

Impact on Native Americans: According to the __________, the gold was inside Cheyenne and Arapaho territory.

Impact on Native Americans: The treaty gave travelers permission to __________ this territory and for the U.S. government to build __________ for the travelers.

Impact on Native Americans: But, it did not __________.

Impact on Native Americans: The new settlers __________ hunting grounds, __________ buffalo, cut down trees, __________, and made life difficult for Native Americans.

Impact on Native Americans: Native American leaders __________ with the Federal government, but the United States failed to abide by the treaties.

Impact on Native Americans: The Ute, Cheyenne, and Arapaho were forced to __________ and live on __________.

Impact on Native Americans: The Cheyenne under their leader, Black Kettle, were forced to the __________ reservation in the Colorado Territory.

Sand Creek Massacre (1864): In 1864, the __________ massacred over __________ under U.S. government protection on the Sand Creek reservation.

COMSTOCK LODE (1859) In 1859, _______ was discovered __________________________ in the United States

COMSTOCK LODE (1859) in Virginia City, ___________

COMSTOCK LODE (1859) Known as the __________________, it became one of the most significant mining discoveries in the country - hundreds of millions of dollars worth of ___________________________ were mined between ________________________

COMSTOCK LODE (1859) It created an __________________ when the __________________________ increased

COMSTOCK LODE (1859) As a result of the influx of settlers, ____________ became a _____________ in 1861 and a _____________ in 1864

WORKING IN MINES _______________________________ strikes in Arizona, Idaho, Montana, along with the strikes in Colorado and Nevada helped mining become _______________________ in the West

WORKING IN MINES Instead of individual prospectors, companies __________________________ and ___________________________ to mine it for them

WORKING IN MINES Miners received _________________________ for very dangerous work

WORKING IN MINES Miners created a union, _______________________________, to help increase wages and improve working conditions

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT __________________ hurt the environment

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ____________ (everything dug out that wasn't wanted) was dumped ______________ filling them with sediment

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT Mercury and other ____________________________ were used in the mining process and made its way into the ____________________

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT It led to deforestation, ____________________________, and _________________________________

BOOM TOWNS & GHOST TOWNS A Boom Town was a town that __________________________ and was usually located by a _______________________

BOOM TOWNS & GHOST TOWNS These new towns grew so fast that they ______________________________________________

BOOM TOWNS & GHOST TOWNS When the miners could no longer find the precious ore, people who could, left and _______________________________

INFAMOUS OUTLAWS & LAWMEN People back East loved to __________________________ about the West

INFAMOUS OUTLAWS & LAWMEN ____________________________ were full of adventures of the lawless and those trying to tame the "wild west"

INFAMOUS OUTLAWS & LAWMEN Billy the Kid, ________________________, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, Wild Bill Hickock, ________________________________, William Cody (Buffalo Bill), and _____________________________ are just a few of the people that the West made famous (or infamous!)

Cattle in the West: __________ from Texas to California were __________.

Cattle in the West: Ranchers used the __________ (public lands) in Kansas, __________, Wyoming, __________, Montana, and __________.

Cattle Drives: When the cattle were ready __________, cowboys __________ and drove the cattle hundreds of miles to __________ where they could be sold.

Cattle Drives: Cattle drives lasted from the __________ to the __________.

Cattle Drives: The cattle drives could take __________ depending where they started and where they were going.

Chisolm Trail: __________ and drove along the Chisolm Trail.

Chisolm Trail: The trail was about __________ from __________ through Oklahoma to __________.

Chisolm Trail: __________ like Abilene, Ellsworth, Wichita, Dodge City, and Cheyenne had __________ where cattle would be held until they could __________.

The Cowboy: The American Cowboy was influenced by the __________.

The Cowboy: Cowboys worked for __________ on the ranches and performed dangerous work.

The Cowboy: __________ to what is shown on television and in the movies, approximately __________ of cowboys were Mexican, Native American, and Black.

Famous Black Cowboys: __________ was a Texas ranch hand in the late 1800s.

Famous Black Cowboys: He invented __________ (steer wrestling) to catch cattle straying from the herd.

Famous Black Cowboys: He traveled around with his brothers performing __________ and __________.

Famous Black Cowboys: __________ was born a slave and moved to the West once he was emancipated.

Famous Black Cowboys: He worked on __________ in Kansas and Arizona.

Famous Black Cowboys: In 1907, he wrote his __________ — Life and Adventures of Nat Love, Better Known in the Cattle Country as 'Deadwood Dick'.

Fence Wars: Ranchers __________.

Fence Wars: __________ (1883–1884) — vigilantes in Montana killed over 100 people.

Fence Wars: __________ (1889–1893) — ranchers in Wyoming hired Texas gunmen to kill opponents.

Sheep Wars: __________ was a hot button issue and tensions ran high.

Sheep Wars: During the 1870s–early 1900s, __________ clashed (often violently) over whether cattle or sheep had grazing rights.

End of the Open Range: Ranching on the __________ tapered off in the __________.

Why? Landowners __________ with barbed wire.

Why? __________.

Why? The "Great or Big Die‑Up" — the __________ of 1886–1887 killed __________ of the cattle.

The Homestead Act, 1862: The Homestead Act of 1862 offered __________ of land in the Western Territories to any family who settled on it for __________ years.

The Homestead Act, 1862: The law remained in effect until __________ and during that time __________ homesteads were claimed and about __________ of government lands were settled.

Homesteaders: Homesteaders in the Great Plains built __________ or soddies.

Homesteaders: The __________ were built with bricks of sod.

Homesteaders: They used __________ to fence off their homestead claim.

Hardships: __________ of hot and cold.

Hardships: Scarce __________.

Hardships: __________ (locust) destroyed crops.

Hardships: Homesteads were very __________.

Hardships: __________ was not enough land for a successful farm.

Hardships: Many people __________ 5 years and left their claim.

New States: 1861 — __________ (34th state).

New States: _____ — Nevada (36th state).

New States: 1876 — __________ (38th state).

New States: 1889 — North Dakota (39th state); _____ — South Dakota (40th state).

New States: 1889 — Montana (41st state); 1889 — __________ (42nd state).

New States: 1890 — Idaho (43rd state); _____ — Wyoming (44th state).

New States: 1896 — Utah (45th state); 1907 — __________ (46th state).

New States: 1912 — New Mexico (47th state); _____ — Arizona (48th state).

In the 1830s, Eastern Native American nations like the ________ were forced to leave their land on the East and live on ________ reservations in the West.

In ________, there were Native Americans from ________ living on the ________.

In 1851, Congress passed the ________ which created the Indian Reservation System.

The U.S. government ________ Native Americans living on the Great Plains to ________.

In the 1860s, the ________ fought against the settlers on their lands by ________ on the settlers (stealing their sheep, etc.).

________ was a Navajo leader who led the Navajo raids against the settlers.

In retaliation, the ________ against the Navajos and Apache killing their livestock and burning their crops.

Then, in an attempt ________, the U.S. Army moved to a ________.

Whenever the Army found Navajo settlements, they ________.

In ________, U.S. Commander Kit Carson and his troops entered the ________, a place where many ________ called home.

As the U.S. Army moved through the canyon, ________.

But, as the Army moved through the canyon, they ________, ________, they filled ________ up with dirt and rocks, and killed ________.

By the time the U.S. Army left the canyon, ________ and most were convinced to ________.

The Navajo who surrendered were forced to leave their land and ________ to a reservation called ________ that was already occupied by many Apache.

Over ________ would eventually be captured and forced to Bosque Redondo.

Bosque Redondo — Identify who lived there and the years of their confinement: The _____ lived at Bosque Redondo from _____.

Bosque Redondo — Evaluate conditions created by U.S. policy: _____ by the U.S. government left the Navajo starving, _____ stricken, and without the necessary supplies to survive.

Bosque Redondo — Water quality: The _____ of the _____ River caused many diseases and illnesses.

Bosque Redondo — Capacity: The 40 square miles that made up Bosque Redondo was _____ to support the population contained there.

Bosque Redondo — Mortality: About _____ of the Navajo people _____ while living at Bosque Redondo.

Return Home — Recognition: As a result of their suffering, the _____ acknowledged the _____.

Return Home — Permission: In 1868, they were allowed _____.

Return Home — Restitution: To apologize, the U.S. government gave the Navajo _____, 15,000 _____, and _____ head of cattle.

Red Cloud’s War (1866–1868) — Duration: Red Cloud’s War lasted from _____.

Red Cloud’s War — Combatants: The _____ (Sioux was a disrespectful name given to them by their enemies), Northern Cheyenne, and Northern Arapaho fought against the _____.

Red Cloud’s War — Location: The war was fought in modern day _____ _____ along the Powder River Basin.

Causes — Trails and forts: The _____ and U.S. Army forts were _____.

Causes — Land claim: Red Cloud and the Lakota _____ it as their land, but they had _____.

Causes — Government view: The U.S. government considered it _____ which made _____ difficult.

Causes — Source of anger: Anger over the _____ drove conflict.

Battle of 100 Slain (December 1866) — Alternate name and site: Also known as the _____ or Battle of the Hundred‑in‑the‑Hands, the Battle of 100 Slain occurred along the _____ in December 1866.

Battle of 100 Slain — Leadership and tactic: Led by Oglala Lakota leader _____, a group of Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho led Captain William Fetterman and his men _____.

Battle of 100 Slain — Orders: Fetterman _____.

Battle of 100 Slain — Significance: At its time, it was the _____ during the Frontier Wars.

War Ends — Treaty: The war ended with the _____.

War Ends — Aftermath: The U.S. _____ the Bozeman Trail and Ft. Phil Kearny (the Cheyenne burned the fort as soon as it was abandoned).

Treaties between the United States and Native American groups attempted to end conflict by offering Native Americans reservations — annuities.

The Medicine Lodge Treaties were a series of treaties signed in 1867 between the U.S. government and the Kiowa, Comanche, Kiowa-Apache, Cheyenne, and Arapaho.

Treaty with the Kiowa, Comanche, and Kiowa-Apache: The Native Americans gave up tribal land for reservations and the U.S. government would build houses, barns, and schools.

Treaty with the Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho: The Northern Cheyenne refused to sign.

Treaty with the Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho: The reservation land given to the Cheyenne and Arapaho was in Indian Territory but they were given the right to hunt off of their reservation.

The 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie was an agreement between the U.S. Government and the Lakota and Arapaho.

It established the Great Sioux Reservation.

The Powder River Country of Montana, Wyoming, South Dakota and Nebraska could not be settled.

The Bozeman Trail was closed and the forts were abandoned.

Between 1874-1875, the Southern Plains tribes fought against the U.S. Army in Texas.