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WorksheetsCapitolele 4-6
Total questions: 150
Worksheet time: 1hrs 15mins
Which of the following best defines an organism’s biological sex?
the size of its zygotes
the size of its gametes
testosterone levels
estrogen levels
Males have _________ gametes and usually make the __________ parental investment.
larger; larger
larger; smaller
smaller; larger
few; smaller
Parental investment theory posits that the sex with the greater obligatory parental investment will be more __________ when choosing a mate.
selective
indiscriminate
indifferent
casual
Parental investment theory was first articulated by _____________ in 1972.
William Hamilton
Robert Trivers
George Williams
Tooby and DeVore
A cross-cultural study of folktales revealed that female characters did which of the following more than male characters?
primarily preferred mates with high wealth or status
primarily preferred mates who were highly attractive
primarily preferred mates who were creative and sensitive
none of the above
Recent studies which examined mate preferences in the context of “speed dating” showed that women tended to choose men who __________.
described athletic success during high school or college
indicated that they grew up in an affluent neighborhood
asked women a lot of questions about themselves
smiled more and maintained eye contact
Which of the following female mate preferences solved the adaptive problem of selecting a mate who is able to invest?
dependability
emotional stability
symmetry
social status
Wherever a female shows a mating preference, the male’s _______ is/are often the key selection criterion.
dependability
commitment cues
resources
size
Women indicate that their minimum acceptable percentile for a spouse on earning capacity is _________ percent, whereas men indicate a minimum acceptable percentile of _________ percent.
40; 70
70; 40
51; 49
49; 51
The sexual revolution of the 1960s and 1970s ____________ men’s and women’s mate preferences.
did not change
changed dramatically
caused a reversal in
masked
Women worldwide value health in mates __________ men.
as much as
much more than
much less than
with greater variation than
Women, on average, prefer as mates men as who are ____________ than they are.
younger
thinner
older
more asymmetrical
Averaged over all cultures, women prefer men who are roughly __________ years older than themselves.
1.5
2.5
3.5
5.5
One reason women may not be as attracted to substantially older men, relative to slightly older men, is that substantially older men __________.
are less likely to invest in her and her offspring
are less likely to be able to invest long-term in her and her offspring
do not have as many resources
are more physically active
A man’s size, strength, and physical prowess signal to prospective mates solutions to the problem of __________.
commitment
willingness to invest
sexual fidelity
protection
___________ men are seen as more desirable mates than __________ men.
Tall; short
Emotionally unstable; emotionally stable
Asymmetrical; symmetrical
Sensible; ambitious
Men and women should have __________ adaptive solutions to __________ adaptive problems.
similar; different
few; different
similar; similar
different; similar
Facial and body symmetry seem to reflect __________.
masculinity
psychological disorder
willingness to invest in offspring
protection from environmental and genetic stressors
The emotion of “love” is __________.
a recent invention introduced by Europeans
independent of one’s commitment to a partner
found cross-culturally
limited to Western cultures
Based on comparative and phylogenetic analyses of different species, adult attachment, or “love,” was consistently linked with which other species-typical behavior?
paternal care
maternal care
polygyny
marriage
Women view love as a(n) __________ ingredient in the decision to marry.
unnecessary
indispensable
slightly desirable
temporary
fMRI studies have examined the brains of people who are intensely in love while thinking about the object of their affection. These studies have discovered which of the following?
The prefrontal cortex, associated with decision making, shows intense activation while thinking about the lover.
sex differences in the amount of overall brain activity while imagining the lover
The reward centers of the brain show increased activation while thinking about the lover.
Brainstem activity decreases when subjects are visualizing the lover.
Women prefer as long-term mates men who __________.
have high social status but are indifferent about investing in children
are interested more in children than in them
are capable of but unwilling to invest in children
are capable of and willing to invest in children
The structural powerlessness hypothesis is contradicted by which of the following statements?
In cultures where women hold greater power than men, women have preferences for men with resources.
In cultures where women hold greater power than men, women do not have preferences for men with resources.
In cultures where men hold greater power than women, men still have preferences for women with greater physical attractiveness.
In cultures where men hold greater power than women, men do not have preferences for women with greater physical attractiveness.
Which of the following characteristics are rated by women as more desirable in a long-term mate than in a short-term mate?
kindness
religiousness
youthfulness
patience
Which of the following is not a context to which women’s mate preferences are sensitive?
preferred mating strategy
a woman’s place in her menstrual cycle
geographic location
her mate value
Women display an ability to determine a man’s interest in infants simply by looking at his face. How does a man’s estimated interest in infants influence the woman’s interest in him as a romantic partner?
Women preferred the men with higher interest in infants for short-term partners but not long-term partners.
Women preferred the men with higher interest in infants for long-term partners but not short-term partners.
Women preferred the men with higher interest in infants for both long-term and short-term partners.
Women did not show a preference for men with higher interest in infants for either long-term or short-term partners.
Women display a preference for masculine faces during the ____________ phase of their menstrual cycle.
luteal
menopausal
menstrual
follicular
Women’s olfactory acuity peaks __________.
at or before ovulation
just after ovulation
during the luteal phase
during the post-ovulatory phase
Shifts in preferences for masculine faces and scents from men might reflect ____________.
noise created by adaptations designed to maintain a clean body
adaptations to avoid becoming fertilized by a long-term partner
adaptations to become fertilized by the healthiest men
byproducts of modern hygiene habits
Women and men display homogamy when it comes to choosing long-term mates. Homogamy refers to which of the following?
preference for a mate who is different from oneself
actually mating with someone who is different from oneself
preferences for a mate who is similar to oneself
actually mating with someone who is similar to oneself
In long-term mating, women prefer mates who ________ humor while men prefer mates who ________ humor.
produce; appreciate
appreciate; replicate
replicate; identify
identify; produce
Not only have women evolved preferences for what they do want in a mate—they also possess evolved mechanisms for avoiding what they don’t want. One example of what women avoid in a long-term mate would be __________.
signals of facial masculinity
interest in infants
cues to genetic relatedness
a deep voice
Women’s attractiveness is __________ correlated with their preference for masculine faces and symmetrical faces.
negatively
positively
not
not significantly
Multiple studies have now demonstrated that women who have high access to their own resources tend to place more emphasis on _______________ than women with low access to resources do.
a mate’s financial prospects
a mate’s physical attractiveness
a mate’s interest in infants
a mate’s kindness
A man’s stated income and education is ___________ correlated with the number of responses he receives from singles ads.
negatively
positively
not
not significantly
When men derogate their rivals in front of women, which of the following attributes would they most likely ridicule?
the rival’s past romantic partners
the rival’s poor fashion taste
the rival’s physique
the rival’s business failures
Several studies have examined the effect of priming men with photos of beautiful women. These studies have shown that men primed with photos of attractive women display more __________ than men primed with photos of older, less attractive women.
nonconformity
discounting of the future
desire for a larger income
all of the above
In traditional societies, parents generally choose their daughters’ mates. Parents are more likely to seek which of the following traits in a potential son-in-law than in a potential daughter-in-law?
physical health
physical attractiveness
intelligence
resources
Li and colleagues’ Necessities and Luxuries study indicated that __________.
women’s preference for physical attractiveness in a mate represents a necessity
sex differences in mate preferences are only found when rating traits, not when ranking them
women’s preference for social status in a mate represents a necessity
sex differences in mate preferences emerge only in luxuries, not necessities
In small-scale tribes, which of the following is the best predictor of a man’s attractiveness?
hunting skills
parenting skills
gathering skills
negotiation skills
Studies conducted using personal ads have documented that __________.
short men were rated as more attractive by women who read the ad but were less likely to be contacted than tall men
tall men were rated as more attractive by women who read the ad but were less likely to be contacted than short men
men’s height was a significant predictor of the number of women who would respond to the personal ad
men’s tallness was significantly preferred by women in person but not in printed ads
A recent study by Lukaszewski and Roney (2010) examined women’s preferences for kindness in a mate and found that women preferred men who were __________.
kinder to women than men
kind to them, but not kind to other women
consistently kind to everyone in their in-group
kinder to men than to women
Which of the following cues appears to be the key factor in our incest-avoidance mechanisms?
co-residence during childhood
emotional closeness
knowledge of genetic relatedness
number of siblings
In which of the following scenarios would the same man be perceived as most attractive?
next to a man who is laughing at something he said
standing with multiple women who are talking amongst themselves
talking with a smiling, attractive woman
He would be considered equally attractive in all of the above scenarios.
What is a proposed function of women’s mate-copying adaptations?
Women are motivated to engage in intrasexual competition and mate copying functions to provide a context to increase competition between women.
Mate copying functions to prevent women from becoming attracted to homosexual men.
Women provide information to other women about a man’s quality as a mate to improve the reproductive success of the species.
Women can vicariously obtain information about a man’s relative value as a mate.
How does a woman’s attractiveness affect her mate preferences?
Attractive women want less attractive partners than unattractive women do.
Attractive women want more attractive partners than unattractive women do.
A woman’s attractiveness is not correlated with her mate preferences; all women prefer financial status and attractiveness in a mate.
Attractive women prefer higher levels of luxury traits (e.g., creativity) than unattractive women do, but equal levels of necessity traits (e.g., resources).
The more money and resources a man has, __________.
the less likely he is to have children
the less likely he is to be healthy
the more likely he is to marry, particularly in polygynous cultures
the more likely he is to remain single, particularly in polygynous cultures
The fact that men tend to exaggerate their height and financial status in personal ads indicates that __________.
men’s height and status are negatively correlated with psychopathy
men are aware of women’s preferences and attempt to embody them
women are not consciously aware of their preferences for these traits
women’s preference for these traits is likely learned rather than evolved
Which of the following is an adaptive benefit that would NOT have accrued to ancestral men willing to make a commitment to a partner?
increasing the quality of the long-term mate he is able to attract
increasing paternity uncertainty
increasing his pool of social allies
increasing the chances his children will survive to reproductive age
Men gain increased paternity certainty from marriage by virtue of gaining __________.
greater numbers of children
greater investment from paternal kin
greater similarity to children
greater sexual access to a partner
Hill and Hurtado found that Ache children whose fathers died suffer a _________ death rate than children whose fathers did not die.
higher
lower
less steep
more predictable
Reproductive value refers to __________.
the number of children a person has
the number of children a person is likely to have in the future
the number of children that a person has in combination with his or her kin
the number of children a person is capable of having in the near future
Cryptic ovulation created selection pressures on men to __________.
determine how receptive women were to sexual intercourse
determine women’s age from visual cues
determine which women were likely to be fertile
determine the reproductive value of a woman
A woman’s reproductive value peaks in her __________.
teens
twenties
thirties
forties
A woman’s fertility peaks in he __________:
teens
twenties
thirties
forties
Men’s mate preferences, relative to women’s mate preferences, should be more attuned to a prospective mate’s __________.
body symmetry
facial symmetry
reproductive value
resource holdings
The male preference for youth in a long-term mate is critical because a woman’s __________ declines as she ages.
reproductive value
status
attractiveness
symmetry
Adolescent men __________.
do not have age preferences for dates
prefer dates with women their own age
prefer dates with slightly younger women
prefer dates with slightly older women
Men in their fifties who are looking for a long-term mate prefer women in their thirties. Men’s preferences for short-term mates, however, remain for women at the age of peak fertility. Why might this be?
Older men may have difficulty attracting dramatically younger women as long-term mates.
Older men are less interested in mates who are similar or compatible.
Older men are generally lower in status than young men.
Modern long-term mating is different from ancestral long-term mating; it requires less compatibility.
Male ancestors had access to which two types of observable evidence of a woman’s reproductive value?
hair color and current fertility status
current fertility status and body fat distribution
physical appearance and behavior
behavior and current fertility status
Which of the following features is considered a sign of facial femininity?
short distance between mouth and jaw
long distance between mouth and jaw
lower cheekbones
eyes set wider apart
Men rate composite faces, mathematical averages of multiple women’s faces as more attractive than real women’s faces. This preference for averageness may have evolved because __________.
averageness indicates reproductive value
averageness indicates youth
averageness could be a marker of phenotypic quality
averageness is correlated with conformity and agreeableness
Both younger and older infants gaze longer at __________.
asymmetrical faces than at symmetrical faces
attractive faces than at unattractive faces
unattractive dolls than at attractive dolls
pairs of faces than at single faces
Compared to women’s self-reported ideal for themselves, men state a preference for __________ mates.
thinner
shorter
plumper
taller
Despite average changes in weight over the past thirty years, Singh found that __________ did not change (as reflected in the centerfolds of men’s magazines).
facial symmetry
female preferences
body fat distribution
waist-to-hip ratio
American men prefer in women a waist-to-hip ratio of about __________.
.60
.70
.80
.90
Men who pursue a short-term sexual strategy prefer women with __________ waist-to-hip ratios relative to men pursuing a long-term strategy.
lower
higher
the same
the highest
Women with lower waist-to-hip ratios and relatively larger breasts __________.
were rated less attractive than women with relatively smaller breasts and lower waist-to-hip ratios
have the highest levels of estradiol
have the lowest levels of estradiol
were rated less attractive than women with higher waist-to-hip ratios and large breasts
The size of the sex difference in the importance of attractiveness has __________ over the past fifty years.
remained constant
increased
decreased
diminished
Across cultures, male preferences for physical attractiveness __________ relative to female preferences for physical attractiveness.
vary significantly
do not change
are not uniform
are lower
Which of the following benefits did NOT accrue to ancestral men who preferred ovulating women?
maximized odds of successful fertilization
avoided women who were not ovulating
decreased parasite load
Mated males could more efficiently guard their partners.
Which of the following lines of evidence does NOT point to an ability in men to detect when a woman is ovulating?
lightening of the skin during ovulation
vascularization of the skin during ovulation
body odor changes during ovulation
men’s sexual performance with ovulating women
Men rated women’s body odor __________ when the woman was ovulating.
more attractive
less attractive
stronger
weaker
Cryptic ovulation in women may have evolved because it __________.
ensures greater paternity certainty for a long-term mate
increased the quality of mate that women could attracted
concealed her reproductive status
increased the probability of attracting a mate
Marriage may have provided an adaptive solution to the following problems for ancestral men EXCEPT __________.
paternity uncertainty
providing a social signal about who was mated to whom
providing opportunities to learn about a mate’s personality, making it difficult for her to hide signs of infidelity
freeing a male to more successfully pursue short-term mating opportunities
The value that North American men place on virginity in a prospective long-term mate has __________ over the past half-century.
increased
decreased
not changed
doubled
The best predictor of engaging in extramarital sex is _____________________.
a partner’s extraversion
commitment to a partner
a partner’s conscientiousness
premarital sexual permissiveness
Men who are ____________ have a better chance of getting what they want in a mate.
high in mate value
low in mate value
high in reproductive value
sexually loyal
Male and female homosexuality __________.
are not yet explicable by any one theory
are a set of adaptations designed to increase alliance formation
free one from investing in offspring with a partner so that greater investment can be made in relatives’ offspring
are unique to Western cultures
Grammer found that a(n) __________ in men’s income is associated with a(n) __________ in the ages of mates they sought.
decrease; decrease
increase; increase
increase; decrease
change; increase
Men exposed to attractive women rate their current romantic partner as ______ attractive and rate themselves as ______ committed to their current romantic partners.
more; more
more; less
less; less
less; more
Which of the following is a hypothesis proposed by evolutionary psychologists about men’s testosterone levels?
Men’s testosterone levels should decrease after entering into a long-term committed relationship.
Men’s testosterone levels should increase after entering into a long-term committed relationship.
Men’s testosterone levels should increase after their partner gives birth to a son.
Men’s testosterone levels should increase after their partner gives birth to a daughter.
Men in the later stages of a relationship have ________ testosterone than men in the early stages of a relationship. When divorced men remarry, they experience a __________ in testosterone.
higher; spike
lower; drop
lower; spike
higher; drop
Men who are in relationships and willing to have an affair tend to have ________ testosterone than men unwilling to have an affair, which supports the idea that testosterone is associated with __________ in men.
lower; fertility
higher; fertility
lower; mating effort
higher; mating effort
Budget allocation was employed to examine men’s and women’s mate preferences in terms of necessities and luxuries. The researchers found that men considered __________ a necessity in a mate, whereas _________ was considered a luxury.
kindness; physical attractiveness
lively personality; kindness
physical attractiveness; kindness
kindness; physical attractiveness
Men receive ________ responses to singles advertisements than do women.
more
fewer
an equal number of
the same number of
Women’s use of appearance enhancement was judged to be ________________ effective in attracting mates than men’s use of such tactics.
slightly less
slightly more
significantly less
significantly more
Women tend to derogate other women’s __________, especially during the _________ phase of their cycle.
status; fertile
physical appearance; fertile
status; infertile
physical appearance; infertile
Which of the following is evidence that supports the sexual competition hypothesis?
The prevalence of eating disorders is highest among women engaged in intrasexual competition for mates.
Men tend to have more eating disorders than women but are more likely to keep them a secret.
Bulimia occurs more frequently among girls who are prepubescent.
Anorexia occurs more frequently among girls who are prepubescent.
Both men and women experience attentional adhesion to which of the following targets?
young men’s faces
young women’s faces
older men’s faces
older women’s faces
Evidence from a study in which silhouette images of the female body were rated revealed that the most attractive silhouettes had legs that were ___ percent longer than average legs.
1
5
8
10
Which of the following indicates that men’s preference for low waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) in women is reliably developing even in the absence of media depictions?
Men who are blind from birth prefer the feel of low WHR mannequins.
Women also find low WHR to be attractive in other women.
The average WHR of prostitutes varies from culture to culture.
The WHRs of females depicted in artwork are consistently low.
There is much controversy over whether waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) or body mass index (BMI) is a better predictor of a woman’s perceived attractiveness. Which of the following is the best evidence that BMI is more important?
Childhood obesity is more predictive of infertility than adulthood obesity.
Offspring of women with larger hips show higher cognitive development during elementary school.
An eye-tracking study documented that men spend focus more on women’s breasts and waist area than the hip area.
Women tend to derogate other women for being fat.
Which of the following does NOT increase in women when ovulating?
WHR
tips made by professional lap dancers
facial attractiveness
self-perceived attractiveness
Which of the following hypotheses would be supported if there was evidence that sisters of homosexual men have more offspring that survive to reproductive age than sisters of heterosexual men?
kin altruism hypothesis
female fertility hypothesis
alliance formation hypothesis
female obligatory investment hypothesis
The contrast effect that mated men experience occurs after viewing women who are __________.
attractive
acting warmly
smiling
all of the above
Which of the following indicates a hypothesized mate preference that appears to be adaptive in the modern environment?
When wives are six years younger than their husbands, they have fewer children than wives who are six years older than their husbands.
When the man is higher than the woman on attractiveness, the couple produces more offspring.
Women whose high school photographs were rated as more attractive produced more children than women whose high school photographs were rated less attractive.
all of the above
Men exhibit “attentional adhesion” to photographs of attractive women. This means that __________.
attractive women demand more attention from men than unattractive women because they can afford to be choosier
men’s attentional systems are biased toward attractive women and have a difficult time switching from an attractive woman to a different target
men have adaptations for viewing photographic images of fertile women
men have learned to pay more attention to attractive women because they are of higher status
A man’s “attentional adhesion” is more pronounced if __________.
he is oriented toward short-term mating
he did not grow up with female siblings
he has not been influenced by Western media
he has lower social status
Which of the following is an empirically documented result that indicates that men adjust their behavior based on the quality of the target?
Men tip waitresses most if they are taller and brunette.
Men’s skin conductance fluctuates less from baseline when speaking with an attractive woman.
Men increase the pitch of their voice when talking to an attractive woman.
The younger the woman, the more money the man spends on his engagement ring for her.
For a benefit to qualify as a function of short-term mating, __________.
the benefit had to be the same for both men and women who engaged in short-term mating
the benefit had to be recurrently reaped by those who engaged in short-term mating under certain conditions
the fitness costs of short-term mating had to outweigh the benefit
the benefit must be present universally today as a result of modern short-term mating
Which of the following adaptive problems did ancestral men NOT face when pursuing a short-term sexual strategy?
identifying which women were sexually accessible
identifying which women were fertile
avoiding commitment
retribution from the man’s own kin
Men’s preferences for a short-term partner are __________ relative to men’s preferences for a long-term partner.
more stringent
less stringent
absent
less masculine
Relative to men who pursue a long-term mating strategy, men pursuing a short-term mating strategy are predicted to __________ women who might demand commitment or investment prior to consenting to sex.
avoid
find sexually attractive
pursue
find repulsive
If ________ women had mated monogamously, psychological mechanisms guiding a short-term mating strategy in men would not have evolved.
some
most
few
all
Men’s relatively large testes size provides one line of evidence that ancestral women __________.
have psychological mechanisms designed to confuse paternity
would have benefited by maximizing the likelihood of conception from any one copulation
sometimes simultaneously had sperm from two or more males in their reproductive tract
were faithful to their partners most of the time
Baker and Bellis found that men’s sperm count __________ as a function of the amount of time the couple had spent apart since their last sexual encounter.
decreased
increased
remained roughly the same
decreased slightly
Buss and Schmitt found that, compared to women, men are __________ willing to have sexual intercourse after having known that person for five years.
much more
slightly less
equally
much less
Clarke and Hatfield found that _______ percent of men agreed to have sexual intercourse after being propositioned by an attractive woman, whereas ________ percent of women agreed to have sexual intercourse after being propositioned by an attractive man.
50; 25
60; 10
70; 0
75; 0
Compared to when they are seeking a long-term mate, men seeking a short-term mate tend to reverse their preferences for ____________.
kindness
chastity
physical attractiveness
age
Men exhibit shifting standards even over the course of a single night. One study showed that men tended to rate women as more attractive at midnight than at 9:00 p.m. This is referred to as __________.
Affective Valence Shift
Contrast Effect
Closing Time Phenomenon
Beer Goggles
Men relax their standards across several attributes in pursuit of a short-term mate to solve the problem of __________.
gaining access to a greater variety of sexual partners
increasing the opportunity of coming across women who are attracted to them
more easily identifying women who seek a long-term partner
decreasing the chances of gaining sexual access to a woman who is already mated
Men with more sex partners, relative to men with fewer sex partners, experience a(n) __________ following short-term sexual intercourse.
increase in attractiveness towards the partner
decrease in attractiveness towards the partner
increase in commitment towards the partner
longer refractory period
Men’s ratings of women’s attractiveness ___________ following short-term casual sex, and women’s ratings of men’s attractiveness __________ following short-term casual sex.
decrease; decrease
decrease; increase
increase; increase
increase; decrease
Men’s sexual fantasies, more often than women’s, involve___________.
older partners
more sex partners
more intense emotional content
more romantic content
Women, more than men, fantasize about __________.
switching sexual partners
smooth skin of a partner
visual elements of the partner’s body
a current romantic partner
Researchers examined the types of sexual regret experienced by men and women and found that __________.
men tended to have regrets of sexual omission while women had regrets of sexual commission
men tended to have regrets of sexual commission while women had regrets of sexual omission
women had almost no sexual regrets
men had almost no sexual regrets
What were the two key sources of regret after “hooking up” as experienced by men?
being too intoxicated and that the woman was “out of his league”
whether birth control was used and that the woman wanted a relationship
that the woman had a mate and whether birth control was used
that the woman wanted a relationship and being too intoxicated
Kinsey estimated that _________ percent of married men had extramarital affairs, whereas _________ percent of women had them.
50; 26
35; 15
20; 10
80; 35
The prevalence of prostitution is a consequence of which of the following factors?
men’s desire for casual sex
women’s desire for casual sex
men’s desire for a partner’s sexual exclusivity
women’s tendency to test males for long-term relationships
A woman retains _________ sperm when she has an orgasm than/as she does when she does not.
the same amount of
better quality
fewer
more
Baker and Bellis found that women are more likely to have extra-pair sex during the ________ phase of their menstrual cycle.
luteal
postovulatory
ovulatory
infertile
Mated women are ___________ to have an orgasm with their extra-pair partner than/as they are with their long-term partner.
not as likely
equally likely
less
more
The paternity confusion hypothesis states that women _____________ to garner ____________.
engage in short-term mating with multiple men; investment from each man in subsequent offspring
advertise sexual receptiveness to multiple men; investment from each man in her existing children
both (a) and (b)
neither (a) nor (b)
Genetic benefit hypotheses of women’s short-term mating predict all of the following benefits of shortterm mating to women EXCEPT __________.
enhanced fertility
superior genes
enhanced social standing
different genes
Which of the following is NOT a hypothesized class of functions related to the benefits women gain from short-term mating?
mate switching
short-term for long-term goals
mate manipulation
mate denial
Infanticide rates are highest among __________.
married women
unmarried women
older women
high-status women
Mated women’s reports of having extramarital affairs to fall in love or for emotional intimacy support the __________.
resource accrual hypothesis
mate switching hypothesis
good genes hypothesis
sexy sons hypothesis
Greiling and Buss found that the benefit judged most likely to be received by women through short-term mating is __________.
finding a better-looking partner
finding a more desirable partner
sexual gratification
increased attention from a long-term partner
Which of the following is NOT a context likely to elicit a mated woman’s pursuit of a short-term mating strategy?
Her long-term partner is high on conscientiousness.
Her long-term partner cannot hold a job.
Her long-term partner has poor job prospects.
Her partner is low on emotional stability.
Research supporting the “good genes” theory of women’s short-term mating has documented that around ovulation, women increase their preferences for all of the following EXCEPT __________.
men with symmetrical features
men who are socially dominant
men who show interest in infants
men with masculine faces
_________ symmetrical men are more likely to have sexual intercourse with women who are __________.
Less; more symmetrical
Less; not involved in other relationships
More; already in relationships
More; less symmetrical
Ratings of the costs of reputational damage associated with a woman’s pursuit of short-term sex are __________ correlated with her score on the Sociosexual Orientation Inventory.
positively
negatively
not
significantly
Compared to women from intact homes, women from father-absent homes __________.
lose their virginity later
lose their virginity earlier
reach puberty later
have sexier sons
Men pursue a _______ strategy when the sex ratio (number of males to females) is low and a ________ strategy when the sex ratio is high.
short-term; long-term
short-term; short-term
long-term; long-term
long-term; short-term
Mikach and Bailey found that _________ is a significant predictor of pursuit of a short-term mating strategy for women.
mate value
self-esteem
waist-to-hip ratio
facial symmetry
Men with higher ______________ are more likely to succeed in short-term mating.
social dominance
athletic skill
shoulder-to-hip ratio
all of the above
One study investigated sex differences in willingness to have sex with a partner at various levels of physical attractiveness. Which of the following accurately depicts the percentages of men and women willing to sleep with members of the opposite sex at the indicated attractiveness levels?
Men: 14 percent slightly unattractive, 70 percent extremely attractive; Women: 5 percent slightly unattractive, 24 percent extremely attractive
Men: 14 percent slightly unattractive, 70 percent extremely attractive; Women: 0 percent slightly unattractive, 12 percent extremely attractive
Men: 65 percent slightly unattractive, 82 percent extremely attractive; Women: 5 percent slightly unattractive, 24 percent extremely attractive
Men: 75 percent slightly unattractive, 98 percent extremely attractive; Women: 0 percent slightly unattractive, 12 percent extremely attractive
Some theorists argue that sex differences in mating strategies are caused by societal gender inequalities. Countries such as Norway, that are extremely egalitarian, should show an attenuation of sex differences in mating motivation and behaviors. What are men’s and women’s mating strategies like in Norway?
Men and women desire nearly the same number of sex partners over the next thirty years.
Men desire five times as many sex partners over the next thirty years compared to women.
Some mate preferences actually reversed: women preferred attractive mates more than men who preferred mates with resources.
Men engage in less short-term mating than women.
Two recent studies attempted to separate the contributions of facial and bodily information to overall attractiveness or desirability judgments. Both studies documented the same sex-by-mating-strategy interaction effect. Which contention do these results support?
Men glean information about a woman’s reproductive value more from her body than from her face.
Men glean information about a woman’s immediate fertility more from her body than from her face.
Women signal their sexual receptivity in their face more than in their body.
Women possess bodily cues to long-term mating interest.
Men report that their ideal outcome of a “hookup” is ____________; women report that their ideal outcome of a “hookup” is ___________.
more hookups; a long-term romantic relationship
becoming friends with benefits; more hookups
a long-term romantic relationship; a long-term romantic relationship
more hookups; more hookups
What explanation was offered for the fact that men report more “friends with benefits” relationships than women (when they must be equal in the population)?
There are more sexually active men than women among college undergraduates.
There are more sexually active women than men among college undergraduates.
Men construe sexual access as “friends with benefits” while women perceive it as the beginning of a committed relationship.
Women construe sexual access as “friends with benefits” while men perceive it as the beginning of a committed relationship.
One study asked participants to guess the mating strategy of videotaped female participants and documented a large correlation between their guesses and the actual strategies the participants reported. When asked which cues they used to gauge the mating strategy, they listed several. Which of the following was actually correlated wish the women’s reported mating strategy?
smiling
laughing
eyebrow flashes
all of the above
Evolutionary psychologists have begun to study women’s social behavior as it varies across the menstrual cycle. Durante and colleagues documented that __________.
women pursuing a short-term mating strategy wear more revealing clothing when ovulating
women pursuing a long-term mating strategy wear more revealing clothing when ovulating
more attractive women wear more revealing clothing when ovulating
less attractive women wear more revealing clothing when ovulating
Which of the following characterizes most women who pursue short-term mating strategies compared to women who pursue long-term mating strategies?
more feminine
more masculine
lower preferences for facial masculinity in mates
none of the above
Sexually unrestricted men tend to prefer mates with lower waist-to-hip ratios than sexually restricted men. This supports which of the following contentions?
Men interested in casual sex consciously prefer mates who are currently able to conceive offspring.
Short-term oriented men are more physically attractive than long-term oriented men.
Men who prefer short-term sexual relationships find ovulating women less attractive than nonovulating women.
Men oriented toward short-term mating prioritize cues to immediate fertility.
When girls experience sexual abuse during childhood, their menarche begins earlier and they engage in sexual activity at an earlier age. This has been hypothesized to be because __________.
females shift their reproductive strategy to a slow, high-investment style after experiencing harsh early environments
men who are absent parents pass this tendency toward a fast, low-investment reproductive style onto their daughters genetically
childhood sexual abuse increases the probability of reproduction
all of the above
Which of the following is true of the relationship between women’s attractiveness and their preferred mating strategy?
Women with lower WHRs pursue short-term mating strategies.
Women with more feminine facial features pursue short-term mating strategies.
Women who are less attractive are perceived by others to be more promiscuous.
all of the above
Particularly among men, the Dark Triad of personality traits is associated with pursuing a short-term mating strategy. The Dark Triad consists of __________.
narcissism, extraversion, and self-monitoring
self-monitoring, psychopathy, and extraversion
narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism
Machiavellianism, extraversion, and self-monitoring
