WorksheetsFunctions and Organization of the Nervous System
Total questions: 80
Worksheet time: 40mins
Which sequence correctly represents the three core functions of the nervous system?
Integration, motor output, sensory input
Sensory input, integration, motor output
Motor output, sensory input, integration
Integration, sensory input, motor output
A receptor detects a stimulus on the skin and the signal travels toward the brain. Which division handles this conduction pathway?
Somatic afferent fibers pathway
Autonomic efferent fibers pathway
Somatic efferent fibers pathway
Visceral efferent fibers pathway
Which best describes integration in the nervous system?
Conveying impulses to effectors
Processing and interpreting sensory input
Generating force in skeletal muscles
Transducing environmental energy at receptors
Which structures make up the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
Brain and spinal cord structures
Peripheral nerves and ganglia
Autonomic nerves and plexuses
Sensory receptors and effectors
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) includes which components?
Brain and spinal cord only
Spinal cord and meninges
Peripheral nerves and sensory fibers
Cerebral cortex and basal nuclei
Which pairing is correct for direction of information flow?
Afferent to CNS, efferent from CNS
Afferent from CNS, efferent to CNS
Afferent to effectors, efferent to receptors
Afferent within brain, efferent within spinal cord
Which option lists subdivisions of the sensory (afferent) division of the PNS?
Somatic and autonomic fibers
Somatic and visceral afferent fibers
Autonomic and enteric efferents
Parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers
Which option lists subdivisions of the motor (efferent) division of the PNS?
Somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system
Somatic afferents; visceral afferents
Parasympathetic; sensory receptors
Brain; spinal cord
A signal travels from the CNS to a skeletal muscle to produce movement. Which division conducts this signal?
Somatic nervous system efferents
Visceral afferent fibers
Autonomic nervous system afferents
Somatic afferent fibers
Which statements are true about the efferent division of the PNS? Select all that apply.
Conveys impulses away from the CNS
Includes the autonomic nervous system
Carries sensory information to the CNS
Includes visceral afferent fibers
Which process occurs first when you touch a hot surface and then withdraw your hand?
Motor output activates flexor muscles
Integration in spinal cord interneurons
Sensory input from nociceptors
Autonomic output to sweat glands
Which statement best differentiates CNS and PNS roles?
CNS receives input and commands output; PNS conducts signals
PNS integrates stimuli; CNS conveys impulses
CNS houses sensory receptors; PNS contains the brain
PNS controls cognition; CNS controls reflexes
Which division primarily mediates the classic fight‑or‑flight response?
Parasympathetic division
Enteric nervous system
Somatic motor system
Sympathetic division
During rest‑and‑digest, overall organ activity shifts toward which branch?
Sympathetic branch predominance
Somatic reflex predominance
Parasympathetic branch predominance
Adrenal medulla predominance
Which change in the heart is most characteristic of sympathetic stimulation?
Decreased conduction velocity
Decreased heart rate
Increased force of contraction
Reduced pacemaker automaticity
Parasympathetic effects on the heart include which combination?
Decreased heart rate
Decreased conduction velocity
Increased force of contraction
Increased conduction velocity
Sympathetic stimulation of arteries most commonly causes which effect?
Alpha‑mediated constriction
Nitric‑oxide‑mediated dilation
Vagus‑mediated constriction
Muscarinic‑mediated dilation
Which statement best describes venous responses under sympathetic activation?
Constriction via alpha receptors
Dilation via beta2 receptors
No significant change occurs
Constriction via muscarinic receptors
In the lungs, sympathetic stimulation produces which effect?
Bronchial muscle contraction
Bronchial muscle relaxation
Increased bronchial gland secretions
Alveolar fluid secretion
Which is a parasympathetic effect on the lungs?
Bronchial muscle contraction
Increased bronchial gland secretions
Bronchial muscle relaxation
Reduced ciliary movement
Gastrointestinal tract under sympathetic influence shows which changes?
Decreased motility
Contraction of sphincters
Increased motility
Relaxation of sphincters
Which is a parasympathetic effect on the gastrointestinal tract?
Decreased motility and sphincter contraction
Increased motility and sphincter relaxation
Decreased motility and sphincter relaxation
Increased motility and sphincter contraction
Which liver process is enhanced by sympathetic stimulation?
Glycogen synthesis
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Ketogenesis
Parasympathetic stimulation of the liver most directly promotes which outcome?
Glycogen synthesis
Gluconeogenesis
Lipolysis activation
Renin release
Which renal effect is associated with sympathetic activation?
Reduced renin secretion
Renin secretion increase
Enhanced diuresis
Glomerular dilation predominance
Sympathetic action on the bladder typically causes which combination?
Detrusor relaxation
Detrusor contraction
Sphincter contraction
Sphincter relaxation
Parasympathetic effects on the bladder include which change?
Detrusor relaxation predominates
Detrusor contraction predominates
Sphincter contraction predominates
No functional change occurs
What is the predominant sympathetic effect on the eye's pupil?
Constriction via muscarinic
Dilation via alpha receptors
No change in diameter
Constriction via beta receptors
Which parasympathetic ocular response is correct?
Pupil constriction
Increased lacrimal gland secretions
Pupil dilation
Reduced aqueous humor production
Sympathetic effects on the uterus are described as which?
Relaxation of pregnant and non‑pregnant uterus
Contraction of pregnant uterus only
Contraction of non‑pregnant uterus only
No effect on uterine tone
Which statement best distinguishes supporting cells from neurons in nervous tissue?
Supporting cells wrap neurons and are smaller
Supporting cells generate action potentials rapidly
Neurons surround glial cells to provide insulation
Neurons are nonexcitable cells that provide scaffolding
What is the primary functional role of neurons in nervous tissue?
Transmit electrical signals
Secrete cerebrospinal fluid
Form connective tissue matrix
Store long-term fat reserves
Which combination accurately lists special characteristics of neurons?
Extreme longevity
Amitotic nature
Low metabolic demand
Require continuous oxygen and glucose
A neuron is deprived of oxygen for several minutes. Which outcome is most likely given its metabolic properties?
Rapid functional failure occurs
It continues normally for hours
It divides to replace itself
Its metabolism slows without consequence
Which statement correctly explains the term amitotic when applied to neurons?
They do not undergo cell division
They divide frequently after injury
They only divide during sleep
They divide only in early adulthood
Which pair correctly matches neuron structural terms that refer to the same component?
Cell body and soma
Nissal bodies and axon
Neurofibrils and dendrites
Perikaryon and synapse
Which items are components found within the neuron cell body?
Nissal bodies
Neurofibrils
Myelin sheath
Nucleus
Why do neurons require continuous supplies of glucose?
To meet high metabolic demands
To form extracellular collagen
To maintain myelin thickness only
To enable frequent mitotic division
Which description best characterizes supporting cells in nervous tissue?
Smaller cells that surround and wrap neurons
Excitable cells that transmit electrical signals
Cells that form bone and cartilage
Large cells that conduct impulses to muscles
Select all statements that correctly describe neuron longevity and division.
Neurons typically last a lifetime
Neurons rarely undergo mitosis
Neurons regenerate easily by division
Neurons are short-lived compared to epithelial cells
Which structure primarily receives incoming signals from other neurons?
Axon of the neuron
Dendrite of the neuron
Myelin sheath layer
Synaptic vesicle cluster
Which components are structural processes of a neuron listed on the slide? Select all that apply.
Dendrite
Axon
Myelin sheath
Sarcomere
What is the primary role of the myelin sheath along an axon?
Generating action potentials
Speeding conduction along axons
Receiving neurotransmitter signals
Producing synaptic vesicles
In the diagram, which labeled structure primarily receives synaptic inputs from other neurons?
Axon terminal button branches
Dendritic arbors near the soma
Myelin sheath segments
Axon cylinder projecting distally
Which component is insulated by myelin in the depicted neuron to increase conduction velocity?
Dendritic spines around the soma
Axon segment between nodes
Nuclear envelope in the soma
Terminal buttons at the axon end
Which paired structures are directly connected, forming the neuron's primary signaling pathway from integration to output?
Soma and axon
Nucleus and dendrite
Myelin sheath and nucleus
Dendrite and terminal button
Identify the part labeled Soma (cell body) and select its principal function.
Houses nucleus and integrates inputs
Generates myelin for saltatory conduction
Secretes neurotransmitter into synapse
Detects light for visual transduction
In the illustrated neuron, what is the most distal structure directly involved in chemical neurotransmission?
Dendritic tree near the soma
Axon terminal button region
Myelin sheath covering axon
Nucleus within the soma
Which set correctly matches structure to role in information flow through the neuron?
Dendrites—input reception
Axon—signal conduction
Myelin sheath—electrical insulation
Nucleus—synaptic release
A lesion selectively damaging myelin sheath segments in the depicted neuron would most likely cause which effect?
Reduced axonal conduction speed
Inability to synthesize ribosomal RNA
Loss of dendritic input reception
Failure of terminal button formation
Which axonal region initiates action potentials due to a high density of voltage-gated channels?
Axolemma along internodes
Axon hillock initial segment
Telodendria terminal arbor
Collateral branch midpoint
What best describes the axolemma?
Mitochondrial outer membrane
Specialized neuronal plasma membrane
Layer of Schwann cell cytoplasm
Dense synaptic vesicle matrix
Axon collaterals primarily function to
Provide metabolic storage
Branch signals to multiple targets
Anchor myelin to neurofilaments
Generate neurotransmitter synthesis
Telodendria are
Proximal dendritic spines
Distal axonal terminal branches
Intermediate Schwann cell folds
Nodes between myelin segments
Which structure directly contains synaptic vesicles at the axon terminal?
Axon hillock membrane
Synaptic knob bouton
Node of Ranvier gap
Schwann cell nucleus
The myelin sheath is primarily a
Carbohydrate-rich lattice
Protein-lipid wrapping
Nucleic acid scaffold
Mineralized extracellular layer
Which statement about myelinated versus unmyelinated fibers is accurate?
Unmyelinated fibers conduct faster
Myelinated fibers conduct faster
Both conduct at identical speeds
Speed depends only on soma size
In the peripheral nervous system, myelin is produced by
Oligodendrocytes of CNS
Astrocytes of cortex
Schwann cells of PNS
Microglia of ganglia
Nodes of Ranvier are best described as
Myelin-rich anchor points
Gaps between myelin segments
Clusters of synaptic vesicles
Sites of neurotransmitter synthesis
Which two functions are directly attributed to the myelin sheath? Select all that apply.
Protects and electrically insulates axons
Increases rate of action potential transmission
Stores neurotransmitters for release
Generates action potentials at the soma
In the diagram, which structure forms concentric wraps around the axon to create the myelin sheath?
Neurolemmocyte membrane layers
Axonal microtubule bundles
Perineurial connective tissue
Endoneurial capillary wall
Which statement best describes the position of the Schwann cell nucleus after myelination is complete, as shown in stage 4?
Displaced to outer neurolemma
Centered within the myelin sheath
Embedded at the axon hillock
Located at the inner mesaxon
According to the sequence, what initiates the formation of the myelin sheath around the axon?
Schwann cell enfolds the axon
Axon secretes collagen layers
Nodes of Ranvier fuse together
Nucleus migrates into axon core
Which pair correctly matches a labeled component with its role in the diagram?
Neurolemma—outermost Schwann cell cytoplasm
Myelin sheath—lipid-rich membrane wraps
Axon—cell body of neuron
Nucleus—DNA within Schwann cell
What directional process is indicated by the arrow in stage 2 of the diagram?
Schwann membrane spirals inward
Axonal cytoplasm extrudes outward
Myelin layers uncoil laterally
Nuclear envelope invaginates centrally
Which list correctly states the structural classes of neurons shown in the diagram?
Multipolar, bipolar, unipolar
Motor, sensory, interneuron
Afferent, efferent, association
Central, peripheral, cortical
Which list correctly states the functional classes of neurons depicted?
Sensory, motor, interneurons
Multipolar, bipolar, unipolar
Somatic, autonomic, enteric
Excitatory, inhibitory, modulatory
Identify the neuron type with many dendrites and one axon as labeled in the upper diagram.
Multipolar neuron
Bipolar neuron
Unipolar neuron
Pseudounipolar neuron
Which statement about bipolar neurons is accurate based on the diagram annotations?
They have one dendrite and one axon
They have many dendrites and one axon
They have one process that branches
They lack a defined axon entirely
Unipolar neurons in the diagram are described as most of the body's sensory neurons. What structural feature is highlighted?
Single process that branches
Two separate axons attached
Multiple dendrites from soma
Axon directly synapses with muscle
Match each structural class to its typical functional role shown across images.
Multipolar—motor or interneuron
Bipolar—special senses in ear and eye
Unipolar—primary peripheral sensory
Multipolar—primary olfactory receptor
Which neuron type is most commonly associated with peripheral sensory pathways in the lower diagram?
Unipolar neuron
Multipolar neuron
Bipolar neuron
Interneuron type
In the functional diagrams, which neuron connects sensory input to motor output within the CNS?
Interneuron
Motor neuron
Sensory neuron
Receptor cell
Which feature best distinguishes the motor neuron shown on the left of the functional diagram?
Axon projecting to effector
Cell body within receptor
Single process with T-branch
Axon ending in sensory ending
The middle neuron in the functional diagram includes a receptor cell connected to a dendrite. What is this neuron’s functional classification?
Sensory neuron
Motor neuron
Interneuron
Multipolar neuron
Which structural class typically corresponds to the motor neuron illustrated, considering dendrite number and axon configuration?
Multipolar neuron
Bipolar neuron
Unipolar neuron
Pseudounipolar neuron
Which statement accurately contrasts bipolar and unipolar neurons as depicted?
Bipolar has two processes; unipolar one branching
Bipolar has many dendrites; unipolar lacks axon
Bipolar lacks dendrites; unipolar two axons
Bipolar myelinated only; unipolar never myelinated
Select all functional neuron types that could be structurally multipolar in these diagrams.
Motor neuron
Interneuron
Sensory neuron
Receptor cell
Which neuron type is noted as rare and found primarily in the ear and eye?
Bipolar neuron
Unipolar neuron
Multipolar neuron
Interneuron subtype
What pathway best describes afferent transmission in the middle functional diagram?
Receptor to dendrite to CNS
CNS to axon to muscle
Interneuron to motor axon
Dendrite to muscle effector
