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Worksheets5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions (pages 285-293)
Total questions: 142
Worksheet time: 1hrs 11mins
Name
Class
Date
1.
What type of conflicts resulted from the emergence of the age of new ideas?
a)
The conflicts that emerged were both political and also philosophical in nature.
b)
The conflicts that arose were military and also economic in their structure.
c)
The conflicts that arose were social and also technological in their dimension.
d)
The conflicts that arose were religious and also ethical in their composition.
e)
The conflicts that arose were diplomatic and also geographical in their form.
2.
Which two particular thinkers, one English and one French, were noted as being conservatives who opposed the widespread Enlightenment philosophy?
a)
The two thinkers who were conservatives opposing the Enlightenment were Edmund Burke and Joseph de Maistre.
b)
The two thinkers who were liberals supporting the Enlightenment were Montesquieu and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
c)
The two thinkers who were radicals opposing the Enlightenment were John Locke and Thomas Hobbes.
d)
The two thinkers who were moderates supporting the Enlightenment were Adam Smith and Voltaire.
e)
The two thinkers who were reactionaries opposing the Enlightenment were Denis Diderot and Benjamin Franklin.
3.
Based on the views of conservative thinkers like Burke and Maistre, what were three characteristics associated with revolutions, including a negative prediction about their outcomes?
a)
Revolutions were characterized as bloody, disruptive events that would likely not result in any positive outcomes.
b)
Revolutions were characterized as peaceful, stabilizing events that would certainly yield significant beneficial achievements.
c)
Revolutions were characterized as minor, constructive movements that would often lead to positive societal reforms.
d)
Revolutions were characterized as swift, unifying transformations that would rarely produce any harmful circumstances.
e)
Revolutions were characterized as prolonged, complicated occurrences that would mostly result in beneficial national consolidation.
4.
Despite the efforts of conservatives to stop revolutionary change, what specific yearning of ordinary people led to the eruption of revolutions across the 19th century?
a)
The eruption of revolutions was driven by the common people's strong desire for constitutional government and democratic practices.
b)
The eruption of revolutions was driven by the common people's strong desire for absolute monarchies and aristocratic privileges.
c)
The eruption of revolutions was driven by the common people's strong desire for mercantilist policies and imperialistic expansion.
d)
The eruption of revolutions was driven by the common people's strong desire for feudal systems and religious uniformity.
e)
The eruption of revolutions was driven by the common people's strong desire for military dictatorships and centrally planned economies.
5.
What three key ideals were central to the new wave of thinking that inspired many nations to adopt a form of government responsive to it?
a)
The three key ideals of the new wave of thinking were the concepts of progress, reason, and adherence to natural law.
b)
The three key ideals of the new wave of thinking were the concepts of tradition, authority, and adherence to established order.
c)
The three key ideals of the new wave of thinking were the concepts of hierarchy, militarism, and adherence to colonial expansion.
d)
The three key ideals of the new wave of thinking were the concepts of faith, obedience, and adherence to royal decrees.
e)
The three key ideals of the new wave of thinking were the concepts of nationalism, protectionism, and adherence to social Darwinism.
6.
What was the philosophical origin of the ideals that served as the inspiration for the American Revolution?
a)
The ideals that inspired the American Revolution had their essential origins in the European Enlightenment philosophy.
b)
The ideals that inspired the American Revolution had their essential origins in the classical Greek and Roman philosophies.
c)
The ideals that inspired the American Revolution had their essential origins in the ancient Asian Confucian and Taoist philosophies.
d)
The ideals that inspired the American Revolution had their essential origins in the medieval scholastic and humanist philosophies.
e)
The ideals that inspired the American Revolution had their essential origins in the Renaissance artistic and scientific philosophies.
7.
Which specific economic school of thought contributed to the American Revolution by advocating for free market principles in opposition to the British system of mercantilism?
a)
The economic ideas of the physiocrats played a part by providing a defense of free market principles.
b)
The economic ideas of the capitalists played a part by providing a defense of protective trade tariffs.
c)
The economic ideas of the socialists played a part by providing a defense of nationalized industries.
d)
The economic ideas of the communists played a part by providing a defense of centralized economic planning.
e)
The economic ideas of the anarchists played a part by providing a defense of completely unregulated commerce.
8.
In what political state had the American colonists found themselves increasingly, which was demonstrated by the actions of their colonial legislatures?
a)
The American colonists had become increasingly independent politically, with legislatures making decisions normally reserved for Parliament.
b)
The American colonists had become increasingly submissive politically, with legislatures deferring completely to Parliament's authority.
c)
The American colonists had become increasingly reliant politically, with legislatures requesting more guidance from the royal governor.
d)
The American colonists had become increasingly disorganized politically, with legislatures dissolving themselves voluntarily and quickly.
e)
The American colonists had become increasingly cooperative politically, with legislatures working closely with British officials efficiently.
9.
What was a key geographical factor that contributed to the colonists' growing sense of separation from the central British government?
a)
Great distances separated the American colonists from the Parliament and the monarch in the city of London.
b)
Significant rivers separated the American colonists from the colonial governors and the royal administration.
c)
Vast mountain ranges separated the American colonists from the coastal ports and the overseas trade networks.
d)
Dense forests separated the American colonists from the western territories and the indigenous populations.
e)
Numerous small islands separated the American colonists from the Canadian provinces and the French settlements.
10.
What new societal development emerged as the economic and political desire for independence intensified among the colonists?
a)
A new social spirit grew alongside the increasing economic and political desires for self-determination.
b)
A new religious fervor grew alongside the increasing economic and political desires for theological reforms.
c)
A new artistic movement grew alongside the increasing economic and political desires for cultural expression.
d)
A new scientific endeavor grew alongside the increasing economic and political desires for technological breakthroughs.
e)
A new philosophical school grew alongside the increasing economic and political desires for intellectual superiority.
11.
What specific date and historical document articulated the ideological foundation for the colonists' military conflict against the ruling British power?
a)
On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was used to express the philosophy behind the fight against British rule.
b)
On December 7, 1941, the Bill of Rights was used to express the philosophy behind the fight against imperial aggression.
c)
On November 11, 1918, the Articles of Confederation was used to express the philosophy behind the fight against authoritarianism.
d)
On September 3, 1783, the Constitution was used to express the philosophy behind the fight against foreign occupation.
e)
On June 6, 1944, the Emancipation Proclamation was used to express the philosophy behind the fight against domestic tyranny.
12.
Who was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence, and what particular concept did he borrow from the philosopher John Locke?
a)
Thomas Jefferson was the author who adopted the phrase "unalienable rights" from the writings of John Locke.
b)
George Washington was the leader who adopted the phrase "checks and balances" from the writings of Baron de Montesquieu.
c)
Benjamin Franklin was the diplomat who adopted the phrase "social contract" from the writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
d)
Alexander Hamilton was the statesman who adopted the phrase "separation of powers" from the writings of Voltaire.
e)
James Madison was the theorist who adopted the phrase "general will" from the writings of Cesare Beccaria.
13.
Which three specific fundamental rights did Thomas Jefferson cite in the document as belonging to the category of "unalienable rights"?
a)
For Jefferson, these fundamental rights were categorized as life, the concept of liberty, and the pursuit of human happiness.
b)
For Jefferson, these fundamental rights were categorized as property, the concept of suffrage, and the pursuit of national prosperity.
c)
For Jefferson, these fundamental rights were categorized as security, the concept of taxation, and the pursuit of military strength.
d)
For Jefferson, these fundamental rights were categorized as health, the concept of education, and the pursuit of individual excellence.
e)
For Jefferson, these fundamental rights were categorized as religion, the concept of expression, and the pursuit of communal virtue.
14.
In what year did the colonists achieve victory in the subsequent war, and which major European power provided vital assistance to make this triumph possible?
a)
The colonists achieved triumph in the year 1783 with essential military and economic support from France.
b)
The colonists achieved triumph in the year 1776 with essential military and economic support from Spain.
c)
The colonists achieved triumph in the year 1781 with essential military and economic support from Portugal.
d)
The colonists achieved triumph in the year 1789 with essential military and economic support from the Netherlands.
e)
The colonists achieved triumph in the year 1812 with essential military and economic support from Russia.
15.
Since at least which century and by what group of Polynesian people had New Zealand been settled and occupied?
a)
New Zealand had been occupied by the Maori Polynesian people since at least the middle of the 1200s.
b)
New Zealand had been occupied by the Aborigine Polynesian people since at least the late period of the 1500s.
c)
New Zealand had been occupied by the Viking Polynesian people since at least the early period of the 1300s.
d)
New Zealand had been occupied by the Inca Polynesian people since at least the middle of the 1600s.
e)
New Zealand had been occupied by the Zulu Polynesian people since at least the late period of the 1400s.
16.
What type of culture did the Maori people create during the time frame between their arrival and the subsequent arrival of the people of European descent?
a)
The Maori people developed a rich and distinctive culture in the period between their arrival and the arrival of the Europeans.
b)
The Maori people developed a simple and homogeneous culture in the period between their arrival and the arrival of the Europeans.
c)
The Maori people developed an underdeveloped and limited culture in the period between their arrival and the arrival of the Europeans.
d)
The Maori people developed a nomadic and transient culture in the period between their arrival and the arrival of the Europeans.
e)
The Maori people developed a secretive and isolated culture in the period between their arrival and the arrival of the Europeans.
17.
Into what specific type of decentralized social unit were the Maori people divided, and what type of activity did these units sometimes participate in?
a)
The people were divided into individual tribes, known as iwi, which would sometimes engage in inter-tribal warfare.
b)
The people were divided into centralized kingdoms, known as empires, which would sometimes engage in internal trade.
c)
The people were divided into federated city-states, known as boroughs, which would sometimes engage in diplomatic negotiations.
d)
The people were divided into unified nations, known as dominions, which would sometimes engage in religious ceremonies.
e)
The people were divided into small communes, known as hamlets, which would sometimes engage in agricultural production.
18.
What two key consequences followed the British colonization, which was formally established through the annexation of New Zealand in the year 1840?
a)
English control over Maori affairs increased, and pressure for the acquisition of Maori land intensified significantly.
b)
English control over Maori affairs decreased, and protection for the security of Maori land was enforced effectively.
c)
English control over Maori affairs was eliminated, and financial compensation for Maori land was provided generously.
d)
English control over Maori affairs was shared, and the division of Maori land was resolved peacefully.
e)
English control over Maori affairs was stable, and the utilization of Maori land was mutually agreed upon.
19.
What were the issues of increased control and land pressure the central cause for, and what name were these events collectively known by?
a)
These issues resulted in a series of armed conflicts between the Maori and British, known collectively as the New Zealand Wars.
b)
These issues resulted in a series of legislative debates between the Maori and British, known collectively as the Land Reforms.
c)
These issues resulted in a series of trade disputes between the Maori and British, known collectively as the Mercantilist Blockades.
d)
These issues resulted in a series of cultural exchanges between the Maori and British, known collectively as the Treaty Settlements.
e)
These issues resulted in a series of diplomatic treaties between the Maori and British, known collectively as the Peace Accords.
20.
Despite the combined efforts of the Maori tribes, which fostered a collective sense of their own nationalism, who ultimately emerged as the victor and in what specific year?
a)
Though the Maori tribes fought together, the British military forces ultimately won the conflict by the year 1872.
b)
Though the Maori tribes fought together, the French military forces ultimately won the conflict by the year 1880.
c)
Though the Maori tribes fought together, the Maori tribes themselves ultimately won the conflict by the year 1860.
d)
Though the Maori tribes fought together, the American military forces ultimately won the conflict by the year 1890.
e)
Though the Maori tribes fought together, the Dutch colonial forces ultimately won the conflict by the year 1850.
21.
What was the concise three-part slogan that effectively summarized the new revolutionary ideals that gained momentum in France during the 1780s?
a)
The revolutionary ideals were summarized by the slogan liberte, egalite, et fraternite (liberty, equality, and fraternity).
b)
The revolutionary ideals were summarized by the slogan tous pour un, un pour tous (all for one, and one for all).
c)
The revolutionary ideals were summarized by the slogan viva la revolucion (long live the revolution).
d)
The revolutionary ideals were summarized by the slogan l'etat c'est moi (the state is me).
e)
The revolutionary ideals were summarized by the slogan raison d'etre (reason for being).
22.
Who were the specific writers whose works were responsible for popularizing the revolutionary ideas, which many perceived as radical, across the whole continent of Europe?
a)
These revolutionary ideas were popularized throughout the continent of Europe in the political and philosophical writings of the philosophes.
b)
These revolutionary ideas were popularized throughout the continent of Europe in the political and philosophical writings of the nobility.
c)
These revolutionary ideas were popularized throughout the continent of Europe in the political and philosophical writings of the clergy.
d)
These revolutionary ideas were popularized throughout the continent of Europe in the political and philosophical writings of the royalists.
e)
These revolutionary ideas were popularized throughout the continent of Europe in the political and philosophical writings of the aristocrats.
23.
What additional factor, besides the revolutionary ideals, contributed to the outbreak of the French Revolution?
a)
Additional causes that contributed to the French Revolution also included severe economic woes.
b)
Additional causes that contributed to the French Revolution also included overwhelming national unity.
c)
Additional causes that contributed to the French Revolution also included widespread social contentment.
d)
Additional causes that contributed to the French Revolution also included significant industrial progress.
e)
Additional causes that contributed to the French Revolution also included extensive colonial victories.
24.
What was the main reason France had consistently spent more financial resources than it was actually generating?
a)
France had long spent more money than it received, partly due to the financial demands of funding a number of wars.
b)
France had long spent more money than it received, partly due to the financial demands of subsidizing agricultural output.
c)
France had long spent more money than it received, partly due to the financial demands of expanding educational facilities.
d)
France had long spent more money than it received, partly due to the financial demands of investing in infrastructure.
e)
France had long spent more money than it received, partly due to the financial demands of improving public health.
25.
What specific financial expenditure represented one example of France's long-term spending problems related to warfare?
a)
Among the spending was the necessary economic aid that France supplied to the American colonists in their revolution.
b)
Among the spending was the necessary economic aid that France supplied to the Spanish monarchy in their colonization efforts.
c)
Among the spending was the necessary economic aid that France supplied to the Russian empire in their territorial disputes.
d)
Among the spending was the necessary economic aid that France supplied to the Ottoman Turks in their trade negotiations.
e)
Among the spending was the necessary economic aid that France supplied to the English government in their industrial growth.
26.
What specific political action did the French government take in the spring of 1789 to find a solution to its critical financial dilemma?
a)
To address its financial situation effectively, the government called a meeting of the legislative body known as the Estates-General in the spring of 1789.
b)
To address its financial situation effectively, the government ordered a meeting of the royal council known as the Privy Chamber in the spring of 1789.
c)
To address its financial situation effectively, the government mandated a meeting of the national bankers known as the Finance Committee in the spring of 1789.
d)
To address its financial situation effectively, the government arranged a meeting of the regional governors known as the Provincial Assembly in the spring of 1789.
e)
To address its financial situation effectively, the government scheduled a meeting of the military leaders known as the High Command in the spring of 1789.
27.
Which three major sectors of French society, also known as estates, comprised the membership of the Estates-General?
a)
The Estates-General was composed of the clergy (religious officials), the nobility (aristocrats), and the commoners (the general population).
b)
The Estates-General was composed of the merchants (traders), the artisans (craftsmen), and the farmers (agricultural laborers).
c)
The Estates-General was composed of the judges (legal authorities), the educators (teachers), and the soldiers (military personnel).
d)
The Estates-General was composed of the revolutionaries (rebels), the conservatives (loyalists), and the moderates (centrists).
e)
The Estates-General was composed of the urban dwellers (city residents), the rural inhabitants (country people), and the colonial subjects (overseas citizens).
28.
What action did the commoners, who constituted 97 percent of the population, take due to the inherent inequity in the voting procedure of the Estates-General?
a)
Inequality in voting caused the commoners to break away and then form a separate new governmental body called the National Assembly.
b)
Inequality in voting caused the commoners to petition the king to veto the proceedings and then form a new political party.
c)
Inequality in voting caused the commoners to organize a massive armed revolt and then form a new military alliance.
d)
Inequality in voting caused the commoners to call for a nationwide referendum and then form a new social movement.
e)
Inequality in voting caused the commoners to demand immediate foreign intervention and then form a new diplomatic mission.
29.
Who was an example of a moderate political figure in the initial stages of the French Revolution who appeared to be successfully establishing a constitutional monarchy?
a)
A moderate figure in the early days was Marquis de Lafayette, who seemed close to establishing a limited monarchy.
b)
A moderate figure in the early days was Maximilien Robespierre, who seemed close to establishing a radical republic.
c)
A moderate figure in the early days was Louis XVI, who seemed close to establishing a reinforced absolute monarchy.
d)
A moderate figure in the early days was Jean-Paul Marat, who seemed close to establishing a socialist commune.
e)
A moderate figure in the early days was Napoleon Bonaparte, who seemed close to establishing a military dictatorship.
30.
Where did the National Assembly first begin holding its meetings, and what action did the reigning monarch subsequently threaten that heightened tensions?
a)
The National Assembly began meeting in Paris, but then the King made the threat to arrest the assembly's political leaders.
b)
The National Assembly began meeting in Versailles, but then the King made the threat to abolish all private property.
c)
The National Assembly began meeting in Lyon, but then the King made the threat to declare war on neighboring countries.
d)
The National Assembly began meeting in Bordeaux, but then the King made the threat to exile all foreign residents.
e)
The National Assembly began meeting in Nantes, but then the King made the threat to join the Jacobin Club.
31.
What specific form of public protest erupted in Paris and other French locations after the king's serious threat to the revolutionary leaders?
a)
The King's threat led to angry crowds rioting and engaging in public unrest in Paris and in various other locations across France.
b)
The King's threat led to fearful crowds fleeing and engaging in mass emigration from Paris and various other locations across France.
c)
The King's threat led to peaceful crowds negotiating and engaging in political compromise in Paris and in various other locations across France.
d)
The King's threat led to organized crowds voting and engaging in legal proceedings in Paris and in various other locations across France.
e)
The King's threat led to disciplined crowds praying and engaging in religious rituals in Paris and in various other locations across France.
32.
On what exact date did a crowd in Paris storm the Bastille, and what symbolic importance did this particular former prison hold?
a)
On July 14, 1789, a crowd stormed the Bastille, which symbolized the profound abuses of the monarchy and the corrupt aristocracy.
b)
On May 1, 1791, a crowd stormed the Louvre, which symbolized the significant cultural achievements of the monarchy and the wealthy art patrons.
c)
On December 2, 1804, a crowd stormed the Notre Dame, which symbolized the historical religious authority of the monarchy and the powerful Catholic Church.
d)
On October 5, 1789, a crowd stormed Versailles, which symbolized the luxurious economic extravagance of the monarchy and the powerful court members.
e)
On June 20, 1791, a crowd stormed the Tuileries, which symbolized the personal military might of the monarchy and the professional royal guards.
33.
What course of action did the peasants take in the French rural areas, and what was one destructive act they engaged in against the nobility?
a)
In the countryside, peasants rose up against nobles, even destroying some of the noble's manor houses by setting them on fire.
b)
In the countryside, peasants peacefully protested against nobles, even signing some of the noble's petitions for reform.
c)
In the countryside, peasants loyally defended nobles, even protecting some of the noble's property from the mobs.
d)
In the countryside, peasants politely petitioned nobles, even submitting some of the noble's requests to the National Assembly.
e)
In the countryside, peasants openly debated with nobles, even sharing some of the noble's ideas for economic policy.
34.
What ultimate concession was the King compelled to accept following the widespread violence and revolutionary upheaval throughout France?
a)
The King was ultimately forced to accept a new form of government with the National Assembly in a position of ultimate control.
b)
The King was ultimately forced to accept a full return to the system of absolute monarchy with the nobility in a position of ultimate control.
c)
The King was ultimately forced to accept a military occupation by foreign forces with a general in a position of ultimate control.
d)
The King was ultimately forced to accept an official dissolution of the state with local communes in a position of ultimate control.
e)
The King was ultimately forced to accept a temporary suspension of law with the revolutionary mobs in a position of ultimate control.
35.
What specific date is now recognized as French Independence Day, marking the country's transformation toward self-governance?
a)
The specific date of July 14, 1789, is recognized and celebrated as French Independence Day.
b)
The specific date of December 7, 1941, is recognized and celebrated as French Liberation Day.
c)
The specific date of November 11, 1918, is recognized and celebrated as French Armistice Day.
d)
The specific date of September 3, 1783, is recognized and celebrated as French National Unity Day.
e)
The specific date of June 6, 1944, is recognized and celebrated as French Victory Day.
36.
What were the two most enduring changes that were successfully enacted during the initial phase of the French Revolution?
a)
The most permanent changes were the abolition of the feudal system and the adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man.
b)
The most permanent changes were the establishment of the centralized bank and the adoption of the metric system of measurement.
c)
The most permanent changes were the creation of the public school system and the adoption of universal male suffrage.
d)
The most permanent changes were the reorganization of the military and the adoption of a national flag design.
e)
The most permanent changes were the confiscation of royal lands and the adoption of a new calendar system.
37.
What two key groups, whose refusal to accept the new limited monarchy led to growing discontent among radical factions, are explicitly mentioned in the text?
a)
Louis XVI and the nobility refused to accept the Limited monarchy, which caused growing dissatisfaction among radical groups.
b)
Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins refused to accept the Limited monarchy, which caused growing dissatisfaction among moderate groups.
c)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the philosophes refused to accept the Limited monarchy, which caused growing dissatisfaction among liberal groups.
d)
Georges Danton and the commoners refused to accept the Limited monarchy, which caused growing dissatisfaction among conservative groups.
e)
Marquis de Lafayette and the moderates refused to accept the Limited monarchy, which caused growing dissatisfaction among royalist groups.
38.
What event was directly inspired by the dissatisfaction of radical groups like the Jacobins and resulted in the establishment of the First French Republic?
a)
The dissatisfaction of the Jacobins inspired the establishment of the First French Republic in the year 1792.
b)
The dissatisfaction of the Jacobins inspired the establishment of the Second French Empire in the year 1852.
c)
The dissatisfaction of the Jacobins inspired the establishment of the Fourth French Republic in the year 1946.
d)
The dissatisfaction of the Jacobins inspired the establishment of the Fifth French Republic in the year 1958.
e)
The dissatisfaction of the Jacobins inspired the establishment of the Third French Republic in the year 1870.
39.
What specific period, characterized by the government's execution of thousands of those opposing the revolution, sprang directly from the radical Jacobins?
a)
The Reign of Terror, a period of widespread political executions, sprang directly from the actions and policies of the Jacobins.
b)
The Napoleonic Wars, a period of extensive military conflict, sprang directly from the actions and policies of the Royalists.
c)
The Congress of Vienna, a period of conservative political negotiation, sprang directly from the actions and policies of the Moderates.
d)
The Great Fear, a period of rural peasant uprising, sprang directly from the actions and policies of the Nobility.
e)
The Thermidorian Reaction, a period of moderate political reversal, sprang directly from the actions and policies of the Girondins.
40.
Who became the powerful French emperor in 1804 after France had endured a period marked by significant internal turmoil and external warfare?
a)
After a period of war and turmoil, the successful general Napoleon Bonaparte became the French emperor in the year 1804.
b)
After a period of war and turmoil, the successful general Marquis de Lafayette became the French emperor in the year 1799.
c)
After a period of war and turmoil, the successful general George Danton became the French emperor in the year 1815.
d)
After a period of war and turmoil, the successful general Louis XVIII became the French emperor in the year 1800.
e)
After a period of war and turmoil, the successful general Charles X became the French emperor in the year 1824.
41.
At the close of the 18th century, where were revolutionary forces actively at work, specifically within a profitable French sugar and coffee colony?
a)
Revolutionary forces were active in Haiti, the rich French sugar and coffee colony on the western third of the island of St. Domingue.
b)
Revolutionary forces were active in Jamaica, the rich British sugar and coffee colony on the eastern third of the island of Hispaniola.
c)
Revolutionary forces were active in Martinique, the rich French sugar and coffee colony on the central third of the island of Cuba.
d)
Revolutionary forces were active in Barbados, the rich British sugar and coffee colony on the northern third of the island of Puerto Rico.
e)
Revolutionary forces were active in Guadeloupe, the rich French sugar and coffee colony on the southern third of the island of Trinidad.
42.
What two specific actions did the enslaved population take during their revolt against their white overseers and masters?
a)
Slaves revolted against white masters by killing them and by simultaneously burning all of their houses.
b)
Slaves revolted against white masters by organizing them and by simultaneously improving all of their living quarters.
c)
Slaves revolted against white masters by freeing them and by simultaneously restoring all of their stolen properties.
d)
Slaves revolted against white masters by negotiating with them and by simultaneously sharing all of their resources.
e)
Slaves revolted against white masters by converting them and by simultaneously repairing all of their damaged tools.
43.
By what name were the enslaved people who successfully escaped bondage and soon joined the slave revolt officially identified?
a)
The slave revolt was soon joined by those enslaved people who had escaped, who were known by the name of Maroons.
b)
The slave revolt was soon joined by those enslaved people who had escaped, who were known by the name of Creoles.
c)
The slave revolt was soon joined by those enslaved people who had escaped, who were known by the name of Mestizos.
d)
The slave revolt was soon joined by those enslaved people who had escaped, who were known by the name of Peninsulares.
e)
The slave revolt was soon joined by those enslaved people who had escaped, who were known by the name of Mulattoes.
44.
Which particular former slave, motivated by the examples of the American and French revolutions, joined the revolts in 1791 and subsequently led a broader rebellion against the institution of slavery?
a)
The former slave Toussaint L'Ouverture was led by the revolutions to join the revolts in 1791 and then lead a general rebellion against slavery.
b)
The former slave Jean-Jacques Dessalines was led by the revolutions to join the revolts in 1793 and then lead a general rebellion against France.
c)
The former slave Simon Bolivar was led by the revolutions to join the revolts in 1810 and then lead a general rebellion against Spain.
d)
The former slave José de San Martín was led by the revolutions to join the revolts in 1816 and then lead a general rebellion against Portugal.
e)
The former slave Miguel Hidalgo was led by the revolutions to join the revolts in 1815 and then lead a general rebellion against Mexico.
45.
What two key personal attributes, beyond his knowledge of Enlightenment philosophy, made L'Ouverture a successful leader?
a)
L'Ouverture was highly knowledgeable in Enlightenment thought and additionally proved himself to be a highly capable general.
b)
L'Ouverture was highly knowledgeable in agricultural science and additionally proved himself to be a highly capable diplomat.
c)
L'Ouverture was highly knowledgeable in European languages and additionally proved himself to be a highly capable historian.
d)
L'Ouverture was highly knowledgeable in maritime navigation and additionally proved himself to be a highly capable financier.
e)
L'Ouverture was highly knowledgeable in religious doctrine and additionally proved himself to be a highly capable architect.
46.
What specific political outcome did L'Ouverture's army of enslaved Africans and Maroons achieve, and how did they manage the competing French, Spanish, and British forces?
a)
His army established an independent government and cleverly played the French, Spanish, and British forces against each other.
b)
His army established a colonial dependency and cleverly played the French, Spanish, and British forces in cooperative trade.
c)
His army established a military alliance and cleverly played the French, Spanish, and British forces in joint defense.
d)
His army established a unified kingdom and cleverly played the French, Spanish, and British forces in peace negotiations.
e)
His army established an absolute monarchy and cleverly played the French, Spanish, and British forces in royal succession.
47.
What specific political document did L'Ouverture produce in 1801, after seizing control of the territory that would eventually be known as independent Haiti?
a)
L'Ouverture produced a constitution that successfully granted both equality and citizenship to all of the island's residents.
b)
L'Ouverture produced a royal decree that successfully granted both titles and privileges to all of the island's elite.
c)
L'Ouverture produced a trade agreement that successfully granted both commerce and shipping rights to all foreign entities.
d)
L'Ouverture produced a penal code that successfully granted both punishment and surveillance to all political opponents.
e)
L'Ouverture produced a land deed that successfully granted both property and control to all existing plantation owners.
48.
In addition to granting universal equality, what other significant political status did L'Ouverture bestow upon himself in the new constitution?
a)
L'Ouverture also declared that he would serve as the island's governor for the rest of his natural life.
b)
L'Ouverture also declared that he would serve as the island's temporary regent until the King's return.
c)
L'Ouverture also declared that he would serve as the island's Chief Justice until the first election.
d)
L'Ouverture also declared that he would serve as the island's religious Pope for the Catholic Church.
e)
L'Ouverture also declared that he would serve as the island's colonial Viceroy under French rule.
49.
What type of economic reform did Haiti next put into effect, and how were the lands specifically distributed among the population?
a)
Haiti enacted land reform where plantations were divided up and distributed among formerly enslaved and free black people.
b)
Haiti enacted currency reform where plantations were sold off and distributed among the wealthy European investors.
c)
Haiti enacted tax reform where plantations were consolidated and distributed among the powerful French officials.
d)
Haiti enacted labor reform where plantations were nationalized and distributed among all foreign-born immigrants.
e)
Haiti enacted trade reform where plantations were mortgaged and distributed among local Haitian merchants.
50.
What was the outcome of L'Ouverture's cooperation with the French, and in what year did he ultimately die while imprisoned?
a)
L'Ouverture worked with the French but they betrayed and imprisoned him, leading to his death in France in the year 1803.
b)
L'Ouverture worked with the French but they honored and promoted him, leading to his retirement in France in the year 1810.
c)
L'Ouverture worked with the French but they respected and liberated him, leading to his return in Haiti in the year 1805.
d)
L'Ouverture worked with the French but they ignored and overlooked him, leading to his political isolation in Haiti in the year 1799.
e)
L'Ouverture worked with the French but they financed and supported him, leading to his long reign in Haiti in the year 1820.
51.
What was the single most lasting political achievement of L'Ouverture's efforts, and what historical trajectory did he set Haiti upon?
a)
He cemented the official abolition of slavery in Haiti and set the nation on the irreversible path toward independence from France.
b)
He cemented the official establishment of a monarchy in Haiti and set the nation on the irreversible path toward an alliance with Spain.
c)
He cemented the official declaration of war in Haiti and set the nation on the irreversible path toward becoming a French protectorate.
d)
He cemented the official enforcement of mercantilism in Haiti and set the nation on the irreversible path toward increased trade with Britain.
e)
He cemented the official recognition of the Catholic Church in Haiti and set the nation on the irreversible path toward a unified state religion.
52.
In what year did L'Ouverture's successor, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, formally organize Haiti's official declaration of permanent independence?
a)
In the year 1804, L'Ouverture's successor, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, successfully orchestrated Haiti's declaration of permanent independence.
b)
In the year 1800, L'Ouverture's successor, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, successfully orchestrated Haiti's declaration of temporary autonomy.
c)
In the year 1810, L'Ouverture's successor, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, successfully orchestrated Haiti's declaration of constitutional monarchy.
d)
In the year 1825, L'Ouverture's successor, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, successfully orchestrated Haiti's declaration of military alliance.
e)
In the year 1850, L'Ouverture's successor, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, successfully orchestrated Haiti's declaration of colonial status.
53.
What two unique historical distinctions did Haiti achieve as a result of its declaration of permanent independence?
a)
Haiti became the very first country in Latin America to achieve independence and the very first black-led country in the Western Hemisphere.
b)
Haiti became the very last country in Latin America to achieve independence and the very last black-led country in the Western Hemisphere.
c)
Haiti became the very largest country in Latin America to achieve independence and the very richest black-led country in the Western Hemisphere.
d)
Haiti became the very smallest country in Latin America to achieve independence and the very poorest black-led country in the Western Hemisphere.
e)
Haiti became the very oldest country in Latin America to achieve independence and the very newest black-led country in the Western Hemisphere.
54.
What additional unique distinction does Haiti hold as a result of the precise origin of its successful independence movement?
a)
It was the only country to become permanently independent as a direct result of an uprising of enslaved people.
b)
It was the only country to become permanently independent as a direct result of an uprising of wealthy merchants.
c)
It was the only country to become permanently independent as a direct result of an uprising of foreign mercenaries.
d)
It was the only country to become permanently independent as a direct result of an uprising of intellectual philosophers.
e)
It was the only country to become permanently independent as a direct result of an uprising of political moderates.
55.
What was the common philosophical foundation, rooted in the Enlightenment, that served as the catalyst for both the Haitian and French revolutions?
a)
Both revolutions grew out of the Enlightenment's insistence that men possessed natural rights as citizens, which were being limited.
b)
Both revolutions grew out of the Enlightenment's insistence that men possessed divine rights as kings, which were being challenged.
c)
Both revolutions grew out of the Enlightenment's insistence that men possessed property rights as landowners, which were being seized.
d)
Both revolutions grew out of the Enlightenment's insistence that men possessed religious rights as believers, which were being suppressed.
e)
Both revolutions grew out of the Enlightenment's insistence that men possessed intellectual rights as scientists, which were being ignored.
56.
What specific form of legal constraint was the Enlightenment's insistence on natural rights rebelling against, and what was its effect on the freedom of people?
a)
They rebelled against legal restraints limiting people's freedom by forcing them to remain within various defined social estates.
b)
They rebelled against legal restraints limiting people's freedom by forcing them to participate in continuous mandatory military service.
c)
They rebelled against legal restraints limiting people's freedom by forcing them to contribute high amounts of their wealth as mandatory taxes.
d)
They rebelled against legal restraints limiting people's freedom by forcing them to relocate into specific government-designated urban centers.
e)
They rebelled against legal restraints limiting people's freedom by forcing them to accept strict, state-mandated religious orthodoxy.
57.
What was the critical distinction in the severity of the legal restraints between the French and Haitian cases, particularly regarding the group that initiated the rebellion?
a)
In the Haitian case, the restraints were more severe because the rebellion was led by slaves who fundamentally lacked any rights at all.
b)
In the Haitian case, the restraints were less severe because the rebellion was led by nobles who fundamentally possessed too many privileges.
c)
In the Haitian case, the restraints were more severe because the rebellion was led by citizens who fundamentally possessed substantial property.
d)
In the Haitian case, the restraints were less severe because the rebellion was led by commoners who fundamentally possessed the right to vote.
e)
In the Haitian case, the restraints were more severe because the rebellion was led by merchants who fundamentally lacked trade protections.
58.
What specific demographic group adopted the revolutionary ideals within the mainland territories of Latin America?
a)
Revolutionary ideals were taken up by the creoles, who were of European ancestry but born in the Americas.
b)
Revolutionary ideals were taken up by the peninsulares, who were of European ancestry but born in Spain or Portugal.
c)
Revolutionary ideals were taken up by the mestizos, who were of mixed European and Indian parents.
d)
Revolutionary ideals were taken up by the mulattoes, who were of mixed African and either European or indigenous ancestry.
e)
Revolutionary ideals were taken up by the indigenous, who were of native American ancestry and born in the Americas.
59.
What two key factors defined the creoles' background, enabling their awareness of the ideas driving the revolutions in both North America and France?
a)
The creoles were well educated and fully aware of the revolutionary ideas from North America and France.
b)
The creoles were politically disenfranchised and fully aware of the revolutionary ideas from North America and France.
c)
The creoles were economically impoverished and fully aware of the revolutionary ideas from North America and France.
d)
The creoles were religiously persecuted and fully aware of the revolutionary ideas from North America and France.
e)
The creoles were socially isolated and fully aware of the revolutionary ideas from North America and France.
60.
What specific mixed-race group did the creoles consider themselves to be socially superior to in the Latin American social hierarchy?
a)
The creoles considered themselves superior to the mestizos, who were children of European and also Indian parentage.
b)
The creoles considered themselves superior to the peninsulares, who were children of European and also African parentage.
c)
The creoles considered themselves superior to the indigenous, who were children of African and also Indian parentage.
d)
The creoles considered themselves superior to the mulattoes, who were children of European and also European parentage.
e)
The creoles considered themselves superior to the clergy, who were children of Indian and also Indian parentage.
61.
By what name were the colonists born in Spain or Portugal known, and how did they generally view all other social groups in the colonies?
a)
Colonists born in Spain or Portugal were known as peninsulares, and they felt that they were superior to absolutely everyone.
b)
Colonists born in Spain or Portugal were known as criollos, and they felt that they were inferior to absolutely everyone.
c)
Colonists born in Spain or Portugal were known as castas, and they felt that they were equal to absolutely everyone.
d)
Colonists born in Spain or Portugal were known as zambos, and they felt that they were indifferent to absolutely everyone.
e)
Colonists born in Spain or Portugal were known as viceroys, and they felt that they were allies of absolutely everyone.
62.
Which three distinct groups occupied the very lowest levels of the social structure in the Latin American colonies?
a)
The bottom of the social ladder included African slaves, the indigenous population, and also the mulattoes of mixed ancestry.
b)
The bottom of the social ladder included European priests, the creole population, and also the mestizos of mixed ancestry.
c)
The bottom of the social ladder included American soldiers, the Spanish population, and also the peninsulares of mixed ancestry.
d)
The bottom of the social ladder included Asian immigrants, the Portuguese population, and also the landowners of mixed ancestry.
e)
The bottom of the social ladder included wealthy merchants, the Italian population, and also the bureaucrats of mixed ancestry.
63.
What was the general feeling among the colonists that spurred the desire for independence from Spanish rule?
a)
There were numerous reasons for a sense of discontent in the colonies, which encouraged the desire for national independence.
b)
There were numerous reasons for a sense of satisfaction in the colonies, which encouraged the desire for royalist loyalty.
c)
There were numerous reasons for a sense of ambivalence in the colonies, which encouraged the desire for military intervention.
d)
There were numerous reasons for a sense of cooperation in the colonies, which encouraged the desire for peaceful negotiation.
e)
There were numerous reasons for a sense of prosperity in the colonies, which encouraged the desire for foreign investment.
64.
What was the primary economic reason wealthy creoles, who owned mines, estates, or businesses, opposed the Spanish economic policy of mercantilism?
a)
They opposed mercantilism because it forced them to buy finished goods only from Spain and sell their products only to Spain.
b)
They opposed mercantilism because it permitted them to buy finished goods from all nations and sell their products to all nations.
c)
They opposed mercantilism because it allowed them to sell manufactured goods only to Spain and buy raw materials only from Spain.
d)
They opposed mercantilism because it forced them to buy raw materials from all nations and sell their manufactured goods to all nations.
e)
They opposed mercantilism because it permitted them to import raw materials only from Spain and export finished goods only to Spain.
65.
What political aim did the creoles hold, and what Spanish practice did they resent regarding government positions in the colonies?
a)
Creoles wanted greater political power and strongly resented Spain for giving the key government jobs to the peninsulares.
b)
Creoles wanted greater political unity and strongly resented Spain for giving the key military positions to the indigenous population.
c)
Creoles wanted greater political autonomy and strongly resented Spain for giving the key religious roles to the Catholic Church.
d)
Creoles wanted greater political stability and strongly resented Spain for giving the key diplomatic assignments to the mulattoes.
e)
Creoles wanted greater political independence and strongly resented Spain for giving the key judicial appointments to the mestizos.
66.
What two specific aims did the mestizos have regarding the colonies, and what were the three common types of employment they held?
a)
Mestizos wanted political power and a share of the wealth, often working in towns, mines, or on the estates of the elite.
b)
Mestizos wanted religious freedom and a share of the trade, often working as sailors, soldiers, or as foreign diplomats.
c)
Mestizos wanted social equality and a share of the land, often working as priests, as teachers, or as colonial bureaucrats.
d)
Mestizos wanted military strength and a share of the imports, often working as inventors, as artists, or as book publishers.
e)
Mestizos wanted academic prestige and a share of the exports, often working as doctors, as lawyers, or as university professors.
67.
In many regions of South America, among which particular social class did the growing desire for independence from the rule of Spain take root?
a)
In many parts of South America, the desire for full independence from Spain increased among the prominent creole social class.
b)
In many parts of South America, the desire for full independence from Spain increased among the prominent indigenous social class.
c)
In many parts of South America, the desire for full independence from Spain increased among the prominent African social class.
d)
In many parts of South America, the desire for full independence from Spain increased among the prominent mulatto social class.
e)
In many parts of South America, the desire for full independence from Spain increased among the prominent peninsulare social class.
68.
Which three major lower-class groups did the creoles refuse the support of, primarily due to their fear of the masses?
a)
Fearing the masses, the creoles rejected the support of the mestizos, the indigenous people, and the mulattos (of mixed heritage).
b)
Fearing the masses, the creoles rejected the support of the peninsulares, the Spanish officials, and the European monarchs (of noble heritage).
c)
Fearing the masses, the creoles rejected the support of the clergy, the academics, and the merchants (of non-indigenous heritage).
d)
Fearing the masses, the creoles rejected the support of the wealthy landowners, the military officers, and the government bureaucrats (of elite heritage).
e)
Fearing the masses, the creoles rejected the support of the foreign investors, the colonial governors, and the religious leaders (of official heritage).
69.
What two specific historical outcomes, involving a slave uprising and political overreach, had the creoles witnessed that made them wary of involving the lower classes?
a)
The creoles had seen the outcome in Haiti of a major slave uprising and the worst excesses of the French Revolution during the Reign of Terror.
b)
The creoles had seen the outcome in America of a major tax revolt and the worst excesses of the English Civil War during the Restoration Period.
c)
The creoles had seen the outcome in Spain of a major liberal reform and the worst excesses of the Napoleonic Wars during the Peninsular Campaign.
d)
The creoles had seen the outcome in Portugal of a major royalist counter-revolution and the worst excesses of the Thirty Years' War during the Peace of Westphalia.
e)
The creoles had seen the outcome in Mexico of a major indigenous rebellion and the worst excesses of the Reconquista during the Spanish Inquisition.
70.
Which particular creole leader continued to champion Enlightenment ideals in Latin America and was crucial to the independence of four specific modern nations?
a)
Simon Bolivar continued to push for Enlightenment ideals and was instrumental in the independence of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
b)
José de San Martín continued to push for Enlightenment ideals and was instrumental in the independence of Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay.
c)
Bernardo O'Higgins continued to push for Enlightenment ideals and was instrumental in the independence of Bolivia, Panama, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua.
d)
Miguel Hidalgo continued to push for Enlightenment ideals and was instrumental in the independence of Mexico, Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala.
e)
Toussaint L'Ouverture continued to push for Enlightenment ideals and was instrumental in the independence of Haiti, Cuba, Jamaica, and Trinidad.
71.
In what year and specific location was Bolivar born, and what was the socio-economic status of his family?
a)
Bolivar was born in Venezuela in the year 1783 to a very wealthy family whose ancestors were village aristocrats in the nation of Spain.
b)
Bolivar was born in Chile in the year 1810 to a very poor family whose ancestors were nomadic peasants in the nation of Portugal.
c)
Bolivar was born in Argentina in the year 1800 to a middle-class family whose ancestors were successful merchants in the nation of France.
d)
Bolivar was born in Peru in the year 1795 to a working-class family whose ancestors were factory laborers in the nation of England.
e)
Bolivar was born in Colombia in the year 1815 to an upper-middle-class family whose ancestors were government officials in the nation of Italy.
72.
What advantage did Bolivar have for his revolutionary campaigns, given his family's long-standing economic success in Venezuela?
a)
The family had grown very wealthy in Venezuela, providing Bolivar with access to this wealth for his various revolutionary causes.
b)
The family had grown very poor in Venezuela, forcing Bolivar to rely solely on the financial generosity of foreign nations for his causes.
c)
The family had grown very powerful in Venezuela, forcing Bolivar to rely solely on the political support of the royalist officials for his causes.
d)
The family had grown very influential in Venezuela, forcing Bolivar to rely solely on the military strength of the Spanish army for his causes.
e)
The family had grown very religious in Venezuela, forcing Bolivar to rely solely on the spiritual guidance of the Catholic Church for his causes.
73.
What was the name of the large geographical entity that Bolivar's forces successfully created after his considerable military successes against the Spanish?
a)
His forces achieved the formation of a large area of land that he chose to call by the name of Gran Colombia.
b)
His forces achieved the formation of a large area of land that he chose to call by the name of United Provinces of Central America.
c)
His forces achieved the formation of a large area of land that he chose to call by the name of Viceroyalty of New Spain.
d)
His forces achieved the formation of a large area of land that he chose to call by the name of Brazilian Empire.
e)
His forces achieved the formation of a large area of land that he chose to call by the name of Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation.
74.
What specific kind of government did Bolivar hope Gran Colombia would evolve into, and what philosophical ideals was this aspiration based upon?
a)
He hoped it would become a federation similar to the United States, founded upon the core principles of Enlightenment ideals.
b)
He hoped it would become a monarchy similar to Great Britain, founded upon the core principles of divine right and absolute power.
c)
He hoped it would become a dictatorship similar to Napoleonic France, founded upon the core principles of military authority and state control.
d)
He hoped it would become a socialist state similar to Soviet Russia, founded upon the core principles of collective ownership and central planning.
e)
He hoped it would become a theocracy similar to Vatican City, founded upon the core principles of religious law and clerical rule.
75.
What two specific political positions did Bolivar use to describe himself regarding economic and social matters?
a)
He described himself as a political liberal who believed in both a fully free market and the complete abolition of all slavery.
b)
He described himself as a political conservative who believed in both strict protectionism and the continued preservation of all traditions.
c)
He described himself as a political socialist who believed in both central planning and the complete nationalization of all industries.
d)
He described himself as a political moderate who believed in both controlled commerce and the temporary regulation of all labor.
e)
He described himself as a political reactionary who believed in both state monopolies and the restoration of all colonial laws.
76.
What is the famous document that outlines Bolivar's objectives and deep concerns for the future of Latin America, and in what year was it composed?
a)
Bolivar's goals are outlined in his document, the "Jamaica Letter," which he wrote and dated in the year 1815.
b)
Bolivar's goals are outlined in his document, the "Gettysburg Address," which he wrote and dated in the year 1863.
c)
Bolivar's goals are outlined in his document, the "Declaration of the Rights of Man," which he wrote and dated in the year 1789.
d)
Bolivar's goals are outlined in his document, the "Spirit of the Laws," which he wrote and dated in the year 1748.
e)
Bolivar's goals are outlined in his document, the "Common Sense," which he wrote and dated in the year 1776.
77.
According to the quote from the "Jamaica Letter," what is the fundamental sentiment that "generous souls" naturally harbor concerning the fate of a people?
a)
Generous souls naturally interest themselves in the fate of a people striving to regain rights entitled to them by the Creator and by Nature.
b)
Generous souls naturally interest themselves in the fate of a people striving to surrender rights entitled to them by the Monarchy and by Tradition.
c)
Generous souls naturally interest themselves in the fate of a people striving to ignore rights entitled to them by the Government and by History.
d)
Generous souls naturally interest themselves in the fate of a people striving to trade rights entitled to them by the Military and by Conquest.
e)
Generous souls naturally interest themselves in the fate of a people striving to conceal rights entitled to them by the Aristocracy and by Law.
78.
What was the major political consequence that the newly independent nations of Latin America suffered as a result of the lengthy wars fought for independence?
a)
The new nations suffered from the long wars of independence, which led to the rise of strong, local military leaders known as caudillos.
b)
The new nations suffered from the long wars of independence, which led to the rise of weak, decentralized civil leaders known as diplomats.
c)
The new nations suffered from the long wars of independence, which led to the rise of influential, foreign economic leaders known as bankers.
d)
The new nations suffered from the long wars of independence, which led to the rise of dominant, national religious leaders known as clerics.
e)
The new nations suffered from the long wars of independence, which led to the rise of stable, federal judicial leaders known as judges.
79.
What was the specific political function of these local, strong leaders with regional power bases in the context of national politics?
a)
These local leaders, known as caudillos, intervened in national politics to either successfully make or successfully break the existing governments.
b)
These local leaders, known as caudillos, intervened in national politics to either successfully finance or successfully abolish the existing governments.
c)
These local leaders, known as caudillos, intervened in national politics to either successfully educate or successfully debate the existing governments.
d)
These local leaders, known as caudillos, intervened in national politics to either successfully translate or successfully publish the existing governments.
e)
These local leaders, known as caudillos, intervened in national politics to either successfully protect or successfully censor the existing governments.
80.
What two contrasting interests did the caudillos sometimes defend, and what was their typical general attitude toward democracy and law?
a)
Caudillos sometimes defended regional elites or the peasants, but generally disregarded representative forms of government and the rule of law.
b)
Caudillos sometimes defended foreign investors or the indigenous people, but generally promoted representative forms of government and the rule of law.
c)
Caudillos sometimes defended central bureaucrats or the military personnel, but generally followed monarchical forms of government and the rule of law.
d)
Caudillos sometimes defended urban merchants or the mulattoes, but generally instituted socialist forms of government and the rule of law.
e)
Caudillos sometimes defended religious authorities or the clergy, but generally established theocratic forms of government and the rule of law.
81.
What two things were legally accomplished by the constitutions of the newly independent Latin American countries, despite the governments often being politically conservative?
a)
The constitutions legally abolished slavery and also legally eliminated some of the pre-existing social distinctions among the populace.
b)
The constitutions legally created new trade monopolies and also legally reinforced the political authority of the peninsulares among the populace.
c)
The constitutions legally established a state church and also legally mandated universal public education among the populace.
d)
The constitutions legally nationalized key industries and also legally redistributed all of the privately held agricultural lands among the populace.
e)
The constitutions legally restricted immigration and also legally imposed severe punishments for political dissent among the populace.
82.
What specific requirement in Peru's first constitution effectively prevented most of the indigenous population from exercising their right to vote?
a)
Peru's first constitution forbade voting by those who could not read or write in the Spanish language until the document was successfully changed in 1860.
b)
Peru's first constitution forbade voting by those who could not afford to pay the required poll tax until the document was successfully changed in 1900.
c)
Peru's first constitution forbade voting by those who could not prove land ownership until the document was successfully changed in 1880.
d)
Peru's first constitution forbade voting by those who could not prove their military service until the document was successfully changed in 1920.
e)
Peru's first constitution forbade voting by those who could not demonstrate religious orthodoxy until the document was successfully changed in 1840.
83.
What powerful and politically conservative role did the creole population continue to occupy in society even after the wars for independence from the European nations?
a)
The creoles continued to form a very powerful and a politically conservative upper class, just as they had prior to the wars.
b)
The creoles continued to form a very weak and a politically liberal lower class, just as they had prior to the wars.
c)
The creoles continued to form a very dominant and a politically radical middle class, just as they had prior to the wars.
d)
The creoles continued to form a very insignificant and a politically socialist peasant class, just as they had prior to the wars.
e)
The creoles continued to form a very fragmented and a politically moderate working class, just as they had prior to the wars.
84.
What two key political and contractual rights did women fail to gain from the revolutionary movements in Latin America?
a)
Women were still unable to fully vote in elections or to formally enter into binding legal contracts.
b)
Women were still unable to fully own property or to formally serve in the national military.
c)
Women were still unable to fully practice a profession or to formally receive a university education.
d)
Women were still unable to fully travel freely or to formally hold a government office.
e)
Women were still unable to fully publish books or to formally engage in foreign diplomacy.
85.
Until what specific time period did most women in Latin America receive very little formal education, and what was their typical social relationship with men?
a)
Most women received little education until the late nineteenth century, and most remained socially submissive to the ruling authority of men.
b)
Most women received little education until the early eighteenth century, and most remained socially dominant over the ruling authority of men.
c)
Most women received little education until the early twentieth century, and most remained socially equal to the ruling authority of men.
d)
Most women received little education until the middle of the seventeenth century, and most remained socially antagonistic toward the ruling authority of men.
e)
Most women received little education until the late sixteenth century, and most remained socially isolated from the ruling authority of men.
86.
Who was the notable exception to the general lack of female engagement, and what was her specific personal connection to the leader Simon Bolivar?
a)
A notable exception was Manuela Saenz (1797-1856), who was the personal lover of the famous Simon Bolivar.
b)
A notable exception was Manuela Saenz (1797-1856), who was the personal sister of the famous Simon Bolivar.
c)
A notable exception was Manuela Saenz (1797-1856), who was the personal mother of the famous Simon Bolivar.
d)
A notable exception was Manuela Saenz (1797-1856), who was the personal wife of the famous Simon Bolivar.
e)
A notable exception was Manuela Saenz (1797-1856), who was the personal daughter of the famous Simon Bolivar.
87.
What specific form of participation did Manuela Saenz engage in alongside Bolivar, and what is one documented example of this participation in the year 1822?
a)
She actively participated in military fighting alongside Bolivar, for example, in a battle near the city of Quito, Ecuador, in 1822.
b)
She actively participated in diplomatic negotiation alongside Bolivar, for example, in a treaty near the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1822.
c)
She actively participated in political campaigning alongside Bolivar, for example, in an election near the city of Caracas, Venezuela, in 1822.
d)
She actively participated in economic planning alongside Bolivar, for example, in a finance meeting near the city of Lima, Peru, in 1822.
e)
She actively participated in religious counseling alongside Bolivar, for example, in a sermon near the city of Bogota, Colombia, in 1822.
88.
What two key personal skills led to her promotion to the rank of colonel?
a)
She was a courageous fighter and also an excellent rider, which resulted in her promotion to the high military rank of colonel.
b)
She was a clever spy and also an excellent orator, which resulted in her promotion to the high political rank of ambassador.
c)
She was a talented writer and also an excellent musician, which resulted in her promotion to the high artistic rank of maestro.
d)
She was a wealthy patron and also an excellent chef, which resulted in her promotion to the high social rank of duchess.
e)
She was a gifted painter and also an excellent tailor, which resulted in her promotion to the high artistic rank of curator.
89.
What was the critical act of bravery that earned Manuela Saenz the distinctive nickname "Liberator of the Liberator"?
a)
She successfully saved the life of Simon Bolivar, which is why she received the lasting nickname "Liberator of the Liberator."
b)
She successfully saved the life of George Washington, which is why she received the lasting nickname "Father of the Country."
c)
She successfully saved the life of José de San Martín, which is why she received the lasting nickname "Protector of Peru."
d)
She successfully saved the life of Jean-Jacques Dessalines, which is why she received the lasting nickname "Emperor of Haiti."
e)
She successfully saved the life of Miguel Hidalgo, which is why she received the lasting nickname "Father of Mexican Independence."
90.
Which two specific Caribbean islands remained under Spain's control until the end of the 19th century, and when did uprisings against Spanish rule begin on both islands?
a)
Puerto Rico and Cuba were Spain's final colonial holdings in the Caribbean, and uprisings began on both islands in the year 1868.
b)
Jamaica and Hispaniola were Spain's final colonial holdings in the Caribbean, and uprisings began on both islands in the year 1840.
c)
Trinidad and Martinique were Spain's final colonial holdings in the Caribbean, and uprisings began on both islands in the year 1890.
d)
Barbados and Guadeloupe were Spain's final colonial holdings in the Caribbean, and uprisings began on both islands in the year 1820.
e)
Curaçao and Aruba were Spain's final colonial holdings in the Caribbean, and uprisings began on both islands in the year 1900.
91.
What made the role of Lola Rodriguez de Tio unique among the many people and groups contributing to the revolutionary spirit in Puerto Rico?
a)
The role of Lola Rodriguez de Tio was unique because she was a recognized poet during a period of very little educational opportunity for women.
b)
The role of Lola Rodriguez de Tio was unique because she was a recognized warrior during a period of very little military opportunity for women.
c)
The role of Lola Rodriguez de Tio was unique because she was a recognized politician during a period of very little governmental opportunity for women.
d)
The role of Lola Rodriguez de Tio was unique because she was a recognized merchant during a period of very little economic opportunity for women.
e)
The role of Lola Rodriguez de Tio was unique because she was a recognized philosopher during a period of very little academic opportunity for women.
92.
How did Rodriguez de Tio achieve fame, and what did her home ultimately become for political thinkers and revolutionaries?
a)
She became famous for her eloquent critiques of Spain's exploitive rule, and her home became a regular meeting place for political thinkers and revolutionaries.
b)
She became famous for her elegant defenses of Spain's benevolent rule, and her home became a regular gathering place for the monarch's loyal advisors.
c)
She became famous for her lengthy histories of Spain's colonial rule, and her home became a regular research center for academic scholars.
d)
She became famous for her religious sermons against Spain's secular rule, and her home became a regular worship center for Catholic priests.
e)
She became famous for her complex proposals for Spain's economic rule, and her home became a regular trading post for wealthy merchants.
93.
What specific revolutionary song's lyrics did Rodriguez de Tio begin to read at the meetings in her home, and what specific action did this song encourage her fellow Puerto Ricans to take?
a)
She read the lyrics to "La Borinqueña," which strongly encouraged her fellow Puerto Ricans to "Awake from your sleep, for it's time to fight!"
b)
She read the lyrics to "La Marseillaise," which strongly encouraged her fellow Puerto Ricans to "Go forward, children of the Fatherland, the day of glory has arrived!"
c)
She read the lyrics to "The Star-Spangled Banner," which strongly encouraged her fellow Puerto Ricans to "And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air, gave proof through the night!"
d)
She read the lyrics to "God Save the King," which strongly encouraged her fellow Puerto Ricans to "Send him victorious, happy and glorious, long to reign over us!"
e)
She read the lyrics to "Dixie," which strongly encouraged her fellow Puerto Ricans to "In Dixie's Land I'll take my stand, to live and die in Dixie!"
94.
What was the direct consequence of the 1868 uprising for Rodriguez de Tio, and to what country was she first exiled?
a)
The 1868 uprising forced Rodriguez de Tio into exile, and her initial destination was the South American nation of Venezuela.
b)
The 1868 uprising forced Rodriguez de Tio into exile, and her initial destination was the North American nation of Canada.
c)
The 1868 uprising forced Rodriguez de Tio into exile, and her initial destination was the European nation of Spain.
d)
The 1868 uprising forced Rodriguez de Tio into exile, and her initial destination was the Asian nation of the Philippines.
e)
The 1868 uprising forced Rodriguez de Tio into exile, and her initial destination was the African nation of Morocco.
95.
In what year was Rodriguez de Tio permitted to return to her homeland, and what specific political activity led to her second exile, and to which Caribbean island was she sent this time?
a)
She returned in 1885, but her critical writings led to her second exile, this time to the island nation of Cuba.
b)
She returned in 1870, but her economic dealings led to her second exile, this time to the island nation of Jamaica.
c)
She returned in 1899, but her military organizing led to her second exile, this time to the island nation of Trinidad.
d)
She returned in 1905, but her religious sermons led to her second exile, this time to the island nation of Hispaniola.
e)
She returned in 1880, but her academic research led to her second exile, this time to the island nation of Barbados.
96.
What was Rodriguez de Tio's specific political and literary work while in Cuba, and what ultimate action was the Spanish government compelled to take against her next, and to what city was she exiled this third time?
a)
In Cuba, she wrote and worked for Cuban independence, earning her exile from there, too, to the distant city of New York.
b)
In Cuba, she wrote and worked for Spanish loyalty, earning her return to Spain, too, to the distant city of Madrid.
c)
In Cuba, she wrote and worked for American annexation, earning her deportation from there, too, to the distant city of London.
d)
In Cuba, she wrote and worked for French colonialism, earning her imprisonment from there, too, to the distant city of Paris.
e)
In Cuba, she wrote and worked for Mexican neutrality, earning her banishment from there, too, to the distant city of Mexico City.
97.
In what year did Rodriguez de Tio finally return to Cuba, and what specific cause did she dedicate her remaining years to campaigning for in that country?
a)
She returned to Cuba in 1899 and spent her remaining years as a tireless campaigner for the cause of social justice in that country.
b)
She returned to Cuba in 1910 and spent her remaining years as a tireless campaigner for the cause of political conservatism in that country.
c)
She returned to Cuba in 1890 and spent her remaining years as a tireless campaigner for the cause of religious fundamentalism in that country.
d)
She returned to Cuba in 1905 and spent her remaining years as a tireless campaigner for the cause of economic isolationism in that country.
e)
She returned to Cuba in 1885 and spent her remaining years as a tireless campaigner for the cause of military expansionism in that country.
98.
Which Southeast Asian archipelago remained a colony of Spain throughout the entirety of the 19th century?
a)
The Philippines remained a Spanish colony throughout the entire span of the nineteenth century.
b)
The Spice Islands remained a Spanish colony throughout the entire span of the nineteenth century.
c)
The Hawaiian Islands remained a Spanish colony throughout the entire span of the nineteenth century.
d)
The Indonesian Archipelago remained a Spanish colony throughout the entire span of the nineteenth century.
e)
The Marshall Islands remained a Spanish colony throughout the entire span of the nineteenth century.
99.
What was the status of educational opportunities for Filipinos, even for those from wealthy families, during the 19th century, and what authority controlled these opportunities?
a)
Educational opportunities were quite limited and heavily controlled by the religious authorities throughout the century.
b)
Educational opportunities were quite extensive and openly controlled by the secular government throughout the century.
c)
Educational opportunities were quite equal and democratically controlled by the local communities throughout the century.
d)
Educational opportunities were quite advanced and independently controlled by the private schools throughout the century.
e)
Educational opportunities were quite widespread and financially controlled by the wealthy families throughout the century.
100.
What was the primary consequence of these limited educational opportunities for many young, wealthy men, and to which two specific European cities did they often travel for university study?
a)
Many young men from wealthy families traveled to the major European cities of Madrid and Barcelona to attend the universities.
b)
Many young men from wealthy families traveled to the major European cities of London and Manchester to attend the technical schools.
c)
Many young men from wealthy families traveled to the major European cities of Paris and Lyon to attend the art academies.
d)
Many young men from wealthy families traveled to the major European cities of Berlin and Vienna to attend the military colleges.
e)
Many young men from wealthy families traveled to the major European cities of Rome and Florence to attend the theological seminaries.
101.
What specific political and philosophical atmosphere existed in 1880s Europe, inspired by Enlightenment thinking, that was eagerly adopted by the Filipino students?
a)
The students embraced an atmosphere characterized by nationalist fervor and the political concept of republicanism.
b)
The students embraced an atmosphere characterized by royalist loyalty and the political concept of monarchism.
c)
The students embraced an atmosphere characterized by religious revivalism and the political concept of theocracy.
d)
The students embraced an atmosphere characterized by economic protectionism and the political concept of mercantilism.
e)
The students embraced an atmosphere characterized by military expansion and the political concept of imperialism.
102.
Who became the most recognizable figure among these young Filipino activists, and what three types of publications did they use to advocate for greater self-governance?
a)
Jose Rizal became the most prominent agitator who contributed to magazines, various pamphlets, and also other types of publications.
b)
Emilio Aguinaldo became the most prominent agitator who contributed to newspapers, various novels, and also other types of publications.
c)
Andres Bonifacio became the most prominent agitator who contributed to speeches, various songs, and also other types of publications.
d)
Apolinario Mabini became the most prominent agitator who contributed to treaties, various manifestos, and also other types of publications.
e)
Mariano Ponce became the most prominent agitator who contributed to artwork, various poems, and also other types of publications.
103.
By what name was this movement of young agitators officially known, and what were the two ultimate political goals that the movement did not actively call for?
a)
Called the Propaganda Movement, it did not call for outright revolution or for immediate independence from the Spanish government.
b)
Called the Propaganda Movement, it did not call for absolute loyalty or for immediate annexation to the Spanish government.
c)
Called the Propaganda Movement, it did not call for financial compensation or for immediate trade with the Spanish government.
d)
Called the Propaganda Movement, it did not call for religious conversion or for immediate alliance with the Spanish government.
e)
Called the Propaganda Movement, it did not call for military disarmament or for immediate peace with the Spanish government.
104.
Despite its moderate aims, what was the general reaction of the Spanish authorities toward the members of the Propaganda Movement?
a)
Spanish authorities consistently viewed its members with deep suspicion and treated them as potential threats to colonial rule.
b)
Spanish authorities consistently viewed its members with great admiration and treated them as potential allies for colonial rule.
c)
Spanish authorities consistently viewed its members with general indifference and treated them as a minor distraction from colonial rule.
d)
Spanish authorities consistently viewed its members with open contempt and treated them as a necessary evil of colonial rule.
e)
Spanish authorities consistently viewed its members with great appreciation and treated them as vital contributors to colonial rule.
105.
What two key events involving Jose Rizal in the years 1892 and 1896 profoundly shocked the Filipino people and served to spark the first nationalist movement with the necessary strength to challenge Spanish control?
a)
Rizal's arrest in 1892 and his execution in 1896 shocked Filipinos and helped spark the first nationalist movement with the required strength to challenge Spanish rule.
b)
Rizal's election in 1892 and his inauguration in 1896 shocked Filipinos and helped spark the first socialist movement with the required strength to challenge Spanish rule.
c)
Rizal's banishment in 1892 and his return in 1896 shocked Filipinos and helped spark the first liberal movement with the required strength to challenge Spanish rule.
d)
Rizal's marriage in 1892 and his divorce in 1896 shocked Filipinos and helped spark the first conservative movement with the required strength to challenge Spanish rule.
e)
Rizal's conversion in 1892 and his ordination in 1896 shocked Filipinos and helped spark the first religious movement with the required strength to challenge Spanish rule.
106.
What major military upheaval began in the Philippines in the specific year of 1896, directly following the execution of Rizal?
a)
A serious military upheaval known as the Philippine Revolution began in the country in the year 1896.
b)
A serious military upheaval known as the Cuban War of Independence began in the country in the year 1895.
c)
A serious military upheaval known as the Spanish-American War began in the country in the year 1898.
d)
A serious military upheaval known as the Second Boer War began in the country in the year 1899.
e)
A serious military upheaval known as the Boxer Rebellion began in the country in the year 1900.
107.
What two specific political ideas, inspired by the Enlightenment, were present in the atmosphere of 1880s Europe and were readily embraced by the Filipino students studying there?
a)
The students embraced an atmosphere characterized by nationalist fervor and the political concept of republicanism.
b)
The students embraced an atmosphere characterized by royalist loyalty and the political concept of monarchism.
c)
The students embraced an atmosphere characterized by religious revivalism and the political concept of theocracy.
d)
The students embraced an atmosphere characterized by economic protectionism and the political concept of mercantilism.
e)
The students embraced an atmosphere characterized by military expansion and the political concept of imperialism.
108.
Who became the most recognizable figure among these young Filipino activists, and what three types of publications did they use to advocate for greater self-governance?
a)
Jose Rizal became the most prominent agitator who contributed to magazines, various pamphlets, and also other types of publications.
b)
Emilio Aguinaldo became the most prominent agitator who contributed to newspapers, various novels, and also other types of publications.
c)
Andres Bonifacio became the most prominent agitator who contributed to speeches, various songs, and also other types of publications.
d)
Apolinario Mabini became the most prominent agitator who contributed to treaties, various manifestos, and also other types of publications.
e)
Mariano Ponce became the most prominent agitator who contributed to artwork, various poems, and also other types of publications.
109.
By what name was this movement of young agitators officially known, and what were the two ultimate political goals that the movement did not actively call for?
a)
Called the Propaganda Movement, it did not call for outright revolution or for immediate independence from the Spanish government.
b)
Called the Propaganda Movement, it did not call for absolute loyalty or for immediate annexation to the Spanish government.
c)
Called the Propaganda Movement, it did not call for financial compensation or for immediate trade with the Spanish government.
d)
Called the Propaganda Movement, it did not call for religious conversion or for immediate alliance with the Spanish government.
e)
Called the Propaganda Movement, it did not call for military disarmament or for immediate peace with the Spanish government.
110.
Despite its moderate aims, what was the general reaction of the Spanish authorities toward the members of the Propaganda Movement?
a)
Spanish authorities consistently viewed its members with deep suspicion and treated them as potential threats to colonial rule.
b)
Spanish authorities consistently viewed its members with great admiration and treated them as potential allies for colonial rule.
c)
Spanish authorities consistently viewed its members with general indifference and treated them as a minor distraction from colonial rule.
d)
Spanish authorities consistently viewed its members with open contempt and treated them as a necessary evil of colonial rule.
e)
Spanish authorities consistently viewed its members with great appreciation and treated them as vital contributors to colonial rule.
111.
What two key events involving Jose Rizal in the years 1892 and 1896 profoundly shocked the Filipino people and served to spark the first nationalist movement with the necessary strength to challenge Spanish control?
a)
Rizal's arrest in 1892 and his execution in 1896 shocked Filipinos and helped spark the first nationalist movement with the required strength to challenge Spanish rule.
b)
Rizal's election in 1892 and his inauguration in 1896 shocked Filipinos and helped spark the first socialist movement with the required strength to challenge Spanish rule.
c)
Rizal's banishment in 1892 and his return in 1896 shocked Filipinos and helped spark the first liberal movement with the required strength to challenge Spanish rule.
d)
Rizal's marriage in 1892 and his divorce in 1896 shocked Filipinos and helped spark the first conservative movement with the required strength to challenge Spanish rule.
e)
Rizal's conversion in 1892 and his ordination in 1896 shocked Filipinos and helped spark the first religious movement with the required strength to challenge Spanish rule.
112.
What major military upheaval began in the Philippines in the specific year of 1896, directly following the execution of Rizal?
a)
A serious military upheaval known as the Philippine Revolution began in the country in the year 1896.
b)
A serious military upheaval known as the Cuban War of Independence began in the country in the year 1895.
c)
A serious military upheaval known as the Spanish-American War began in the country in the year 1898.
d)
A serious military upheaval known as the Second Boer War began in the country in the year 1899.
e)
A serious military upheaval known as the Boxer Rebellion began in the country in the year 1900.
113.
What three key political events occurred in various European states, including Prussia and Austria, following the Congress of Vienna, which successfully concluded the Napoleonic Wars in 1815?
a)
Following the Congress of Vienna, revolutions occurred in several European states, including Prussia and the nation of Austria.
b)
Following the Congress of Vienna, military dictatorships occurred in several European states, including France and the nation of Russia.
c)
Following the Congress of Vienna, peaceful annexations occurred in several European states, including Italy and the nation of Spain.
d)
Following the Congress of Vienna, democratic elections occurred in several European states, including Britain and the nation of Belgium.
e)
Following the Congress of Vienna, socialist reforms occurred in several European states, including Denmark and the nation of Sweden.
114.
What two specific political forces served as the driving factors behind the European revolutions of 1848?
a)
The revolutions of 1848 were the result of both strong nationalism and a desire for liberal representation under constitutions.
b)
The revolutions of 1848 were the result of both strong royalism and a desire for conservative control under absolute monarchies.
c)
The revolutions of 1848 were the result of both strong militarism and a desire for authoritarian rule under military juntas.
d)
The revolutions of 1848 were the result of both strong feudalism and a desire for aristocratic privilege under ancient laws.
e)
The revolutions of 1848 were the result of both strong mercantilism and a desire for centralized economic planning under trade regulations.
115.
What was the political philosophy favored by Prussian leader Otto von Bismarck, similar to Cavour, and what specific emotion did he exploit to achieve German unification through three separate conflicts?
a)
Bismarck favored realpolitik and exploited nationalist feelings to engineer three wars for the purpose of achieving German unification.
b)
Bismarck favored laissez-faire and exploited democratic feelings to engineer three elections for the purpose of achieving German unification.
c)
Bismarck favored socialism and exploited liberal feelings to engineer three treaties for the purpose of achieving German unification.
d)
Bismarck favored humanism and exploited religious feelings to engineer three crusades for the purpose of achieving German unification.
e)
Bismarck favored pacifism and exploited isolationist feelings to engineer three negotiations for the purpose of achieving German unification.
116.
What was the first war Bismarck engineered, involving the manipulation of Austria, and which two nations participated in this conflict in the year 1864?
a)
Bismarck manipulated Austria into participating in the first war with Prussia against the nation of Denmark in the year 1864.
b)
Bismarck manipulated Austria into participating in the second war with Prussia against the nation of Sweden in the year 1866.
c)
Bismarck manipulated Austria into participating in the third war with Prussia against the nation of France in the year 1870.
d)
Bismarck manipulated Austria into participating in the fourth war with Prussia against the nation of Russia in the year 1875.
e)
Bismarck manipulated Austria into participating in the fifth war with Prussia against the nation of Italy in the year 1859.
117.
What was the second war that Bismarck orchestrated between the two dominant German powers, and by what specific name was this conflict known in the year 1866?
a)
The second war orchestrated by Bismarck was between Prussia and Austria, which was known as the Seven Weeks' War in the year 1866.
b)
The second war orchestrated by Bismarck was between Prussia and France, which was known as the Franco-Prussian War in the year 1870.
c)
The second war orchestrated by Bismarck was between Prussia and Denmark, which was known as the Schleswig War in the year 1864.
d)
The second war orchestrated by Bismarck was between Prussia and Russia, which was known as the Eastern War in the year 1877.
e)
The second war orchestrated by Bismarck was between Prussia and Italy, which was known as the Austro-Italian War in the year 1859.
118.
What third major European power did Bismarck skillfully maneuver into declaring war against Prussia, and what was the name of this conflict, which ended in 1870?
a)
Bismarck successfully manipulated France into declaring war against Prussia, which was known as the Franco-Prussian War in the year 1870.
b)
Bismarck successfully manipulated Russia into declaring war against Prussia, which was known as the Crimean War in the year 1854.
c)
Bismarck successfully manipulated Spain into declaring war against Prussia, which was known as the Spanish Succession War in the year 1701.
d)
Bismarck successfully manipulated Britain into declaring war against Prussia, which was known as the War of the Roses in the year 1455.
e)
Bismarck successfully manipulated Italy into declaring war against Prussia, which was known as the War of Unification in the year 1861.
119.
What was the consistent territorial outcome for Prussia in each of the three military conflicts engineered by Bismarck?
a)
In each of these three carefully planned wars, the nation of Prussia succeeded in gaining more substantial territory.
b)
In each of these three carefully planned wars, the nation of Prussia succeeded in losing some important territory.
c)
In each of these three carefully planned wars, the nation of Prussia succeeded in maintaining all its original territory.
d)
In each of these three carefully planned wars, the nation of Prussia succeeded in freeing all its occupied territory.
e)
In each of these three carefully planned wars, the nation of Prussia succeeded in selling off all its peripheral territory.
120.
In what year was the new German Empire established by Bismarck, and what specific territory, previously belonging to France on the border, was incorporated into the new empire?
a)
Bismarck founded the new German Empire in 1871, which included the territory of Alsace-Lorraine, long part of the nation of France.
b)
Bismarck founded the new German Empire in 1866, which included the territory of Schleswig-Holstein, long part of the nation of Denmark.
c)
Bismarck founded the new German Empire in 1870, which included the territory of the Saarland, long part of the nation of Belgium.
d)
Bismarck founded the new German Empire in 1850, which included the territory of East Prussia, long part of the nation of Russia.
e)
Bismarck founded the new German Empire in 1864, which included the territory of Tyrol, long part of the nation of Austria.
121.
By the year 1871, what two new international powers had emerged onto the world stage, creating a complex situation of competing alliances?
a)
By 1871, two new international powers, the unified nations of Italy and Germany, were present on the world stage.
b)
By 1871, two new international powers, the unified nations of Spain and Portugal, were present on the world stage.
c)
By 1871, two new international powers, the unified nations of France and Britain, were present on the world stage.
d)
By 1871, two new international powers, the unified nations of Russia and Austria, were present on the world stage.
e)
By 1871, two new international powers, the unified nations of the United States and Japan, were present on the world stage.
122.
What was briefly accomplished through the formation of these competing alliances, and what ultimate global conflict would result from the rise of extreme nationalism?
a)
Balance of power was briefly achieved through these alliances, but extreme nationalism would ultimately lead to the outbreak of World War I.
b)
Absolute monarchy was briefly achieved through these alliances, but moderate socialism would ultimately lead to the outbreak of the Cold War.
c)
Free trade was briefly achieved through these alliances, but uncontrolled capitalism would ultimately lead to the outbreak of the Great Depression.
d)
Universal democracy was briefly achieved through these alliances, but political corruption would ultimately lead to the outbreak of the French Revolution.
e)
Total isolation was briefly achieved through these alliances, but internal civil unrest would ultimately lead to the outbreak of the Seven Weeks' War.
123.
What particular socio-economic issue, more prevalent in the southern region of Italy, resulted in a substantial emigration during the later part of the nineteenth century?
a)
Poverty in the nation of Italy, particularly in the south, led to significant emigration during the late nineteenth century.
b)
Disease in the nation of Italy, particularly in the north, led to significant immigration during the late nineteenth century.
c)
Industrialization in the nation of Italy, particularly in the center, led to significant urbanization during the late nineteenth century.
d)
Political stability in the nation of Italy, particularly in the south, led to significant colonization during the late nineteenth century.
e)
Educational opportunities in the nation of Italy, particularly in the north, led to significant internal migration during the late nineteenth century.
124.
To which two specific countries did Italian people primarily emigrate, and what local policy in one of those countries actively encouraged this movement?
a)
Emigration was primarily to the United States and Argentina, where the 1853 constitution actively encouraged the movement of foreign people into the country.
b)
Emigration was primarily to Great Britain and France, where the 1870 constitution actively discouraged the movement of foreign people into the country.
c)
Emigration was primarily to Germany and Russia, where the 1890 constitution actively subsidized the movement of foreign people into the country.
d)
Emigration was primarily to Canada and Australia, where the 1867 constitution actively restricted the movement of foreign people into the country.
e)
Emigration was primarily to Mexico and Brazil, where the 1845 constitution actively ignored the movement of foreign people into the country.
125.
For how long had the Ottoman Empire been the primary political power in southeastern Europe, and what development marked the beginning of its long, gradual decline in the 17th century?
a)
The Ottoman Empire had been the dominant force for centuries, but its decline began with a failed attempt to successfully conquer Vienna in 1683.
b)
The Ottoman Empire had been the dominant force for decades, but its decline began with a successful attempt to successfully conquer Paris in 1700.
c)
The Ottoman Empire had been the dominant force for a millennium, but its decline began with a failed attempt to successfully colonize the Americas in 1492.
d)
The Ottoman Empire had been the dominant force for generations, but its decline began with a successful attempt to successfully seize control of London in 1750.
e)
The Ottoman Empire had been the dominant force for centuries, but its decline began with a failed attempt to successfully annex Moscow in 1600.
126.
What two specific European powers were able to successfully challenge and diminish Ottoman authority in the Balkans following the failed siege of Vienna?
a)
Following the siege of Vienna, the nations of Austria and Russia began successful efforts to roll back Ottoman dominance in the Balkan region.
b)
Following the siege of Vienna, the nations of Britain and France began successful efforts to roll back Ottoman dominance in the Balkan region.
c)
Following the siege of Vienna, the nations of Spain and Portugal began successful efforts to roll back Ottoman dominance in the Balkan region.
d)
Following the siege of Vienna, the nations of Germany and Italy began successful efforts to roll back Ottoman dominance in the Balkan region.
e)
Following the siege of Vienna, the nations of Poland and Sweden began successful efforts to roll back Ottoman dominance in the Balkan region.
127.
What key external development, involving both ideas and powers, was primarily responsible for fostering the growth of Balkan nationalism?
a)
Balkan nationalism developed largely because of increasing involvement and extensive contact with Western European ideas and influential powers.
b)
Balkan nationalism developed largely because of increasing isolation and deliberate avoidance of contact with Western European ideas and influential powers.
c)
Balkan nationalism developed largely because of decreasing involvement and declining contact with Western European ideas and influential powers.
d)
Balkan nationalism developed largely because of increasing resistance and intense opposition to contact with Western European ideas and influential powers.
e)
Balkan nationalism developed largely because of decreasing isolation and growing independence from contact with Western European ideas and influential powers.
128.
By the year 1800, for approximately how many centuries had Greece been under the direct control of the Ottoman Empire?
a)
By 1800, Greece had been under Ottoman rule for more than three and a half centuries in total.
b)
By 1800, Greece had been under Ottoman rule for more than one and a half centuries in total.
c)
By 1800, Greece had been under Ottoman rule for more than five and a half centuries in total.
d)
By 1800, Greece had been under Ottoman rule for more than two and a half centuries in total.
e)
By 1800, Greece had been under Ottoman rule for more than six and a half centuries in total.
129.
What two specific effects did increased contact with the Western world have on Greece, one concerning philosophy and the other concerning cultural perception?
a)
Increased contact meant exposure to both Enlightenment principles and the widespread reverence for Greece's ancient culture across the European continent.
b)
Increased contact meant exposure to both Mercantilist principles and the widespread contempt for Greece's ancient culture across the European continent.
c)
Increased contact meant exposure to both Feudal principles and the widespread ignorance of Greece's ancient culture across the European continent.
d)
Increased contact meant exposure to both Absolutist principles and the widespread fear of Greece's ancient culture across the European continent.
e)
Increased contact meant exposure to both Socialist principles and the widespread mockery of Greece's ancient culture across the European continent.
130.
What two specific national developments were successfully fueled by these changes in Greece?
a)
These developments helped to reawaken Greek cultural pride and to stoke the developing fires of Greek nationalism.
b)
These developments helped to reawaken Greek intellectual apathy and to suppress the developing fires of Greek conservatism.
c)
These developments helped to reawaken Greek political obedience and to stoke the developing fires of Greek isolationism.
d)
These developments helped to reawaken Greek economic reliance and to stoke the developing fires of Greek mercantilism.
e)
These developments helped to reawaken Greek religious fanaticism and to stoke the developing fires of Greek militarism.
131.
What form of prolonged conflict brought initial success in Greece's struggle against Ottoman authority, and what crucial external intervention finally secured its independence, and in what year?
a)
A protracted civil war brought some success, but intervention by a British, French, and Russian fleet in 1827 was needed to assure Greek independence.
b)
A protracted diplomatic negotiation brought some success, but intervention by a Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian fleet in 1840 was needed to assure Greek independence.
c)
A protracted economic blockade brought some success, but intervention by a German, Austrian, and Hungarian fleet in 1815 was needed to assure Greek independence.
d)
A protracted legal dispute brought some success, but intervention by a Dutch, Swedish, and Danish fleet in 1850 was needed to assure Greek independence.
e)
A protracted philosophical debate brought some success, but intervention by a Prussian, Swiss, and Belgian fleet in 1800 was needed to assure Greek independence.
132.
What three other Balkan regions, besides Greece, followed a broadly comparable path toward independence?
a)
Events in the other Balkan regions of Serbia, Bulgaria, and the nation of Romania followed a similar course toward independence.
b)
Events in the other Balkan regions of Hungary, Poland, and the nation of Czechia followed a similar course toward independence.
c)
Events in the other Balkan regions of Albania, Macedonia, and the nation of Slovenia followed a similar course toward independence.
d)
Events in the other Balkan regions of Bosnia, Croatia, and the nation of Montenegro followed a similar course toward independence.
e)
Events in the other Balkan regions of Turkey, Cyprus, and the nation of Malta followed a similar course toward independence.
133.
What two key political and ideological changes resulted from the gradual decline of Ottoman control in these other Balkan regions?
a)
The waning of Ottoman control led to greater overall freedom and a large influx of powerful new ideas, including the concept of nationalism.
b)
The waning of Ottoman control led to greater overall isolation and a large efflux of powerful old ideas, including the concept of monarchism.
c)
The waning of Ottoman control led to greater overall restriction and a large influx of powerful foreign armies, including the concept of imperialism.
d)
The waning of Ottoman control led to greater overall instability and a large influx of powerful ancient traditions, including the concept of feudalism.
e)
The waning of Ottoman control led to greater overall dependency and a large influx of powerful new technologies, including the concept of industrialism.
134.
Around what four key cultural markers did the populations in the Balkan regions begin to coalesce and rally during this period?
a)
People began to rally around important cultural markers such as language, shared folk traditions, the common history, and also their shared religion.
b)
People began to rally around important cultural markers such as national currency, shared trade routes, the common economy, and also their shared political party.
c)
People began to rally around important cultural markers such as centralized government, shared military power, the common law code, and also their shared social class.
d)
People began to rally around important cultural markers such as foreign leaders, shared colonial experiences, the common tax system, and also their shared military history.
e)
People began to rally around important cultural markers such as local governors, shared land ownership, the common education system, and also their shared professional status.
135.
What final external factor, involving specific foreign powers, played a role in the Balkan regions successfully achieving their independence?
a)
Later, outside powers, such as the nations of Russia or Austria, commonly aided the Balkan regions in successfully achieving independence.
b)
Later, outside powers, such as the nations of Spain or Italy, commonly hindered the Balkan regions in successfully achieving independence.
c)
Later, outside powers, such as the nations of China or India, commonly financed the Balkan regions in successfully achieving independence.
d)
Later, outside powers, such as the nations of Britain or France, commonly opposed the Balkan regions in successfully achieving independence.
e)
Later, outside powers, such as the nations of the United States or Japan, commonly ignored the Balkan regions in successfully achieving independence.
136.
In what decades did the internal political movement known as Ottomanism develop within the Ottoman state, and what was its fundamental goal?
a)
Ottomanism, a movement aiming to create a more modern, unified state, developed in the Ottoman state during the 1870s and 1880s.
b)
Ottomanism, a movement aiming to create a more traditional, decentralized state, developed in the Ottoman state during the 1750s and 1760s.
c)
Ottomanism, a movement aiming to create a more religious, conservative state, developed in the Ottoman state during the 1900s and 1910s.
d)
Ottomanism, a movement aiming to create a more isolationist, closed state, developed in the Ottoman state during the 1680s and 1690s.
e)
Ottomanism, a movement aiming to create a more feudal, agricultural state, developed in the Ottoman state during the 1820s and 1830s.
137.
By what specific method did Ottoman officials attempt to achieve the goals of the Ottomanism movement across the empire?
a)
Officials sought to achieve unity by significantly minimizing the differences related to ethnicity, language, and also religion across the vast empire.
b)
Officials sought to achieve unity by significantly emphasizing the differences related to ethnicity, language, and also religion across the vast empire.
c)
Officials sought to achieve unity by significantly exporting the differences related to ethnicity, language, and also religion across the vast empire.
d)
Officials sought to achieve unity by significantly importing the differences related to ethnicity, language, and also religion across the vast empire.
e)
Officials sought to achieve unity by significantly documenting the differences related to ethnicity, language, and also religion across the vast empire.
138.
What specific measure, involving two key aspects of education, was considered a major component of the Ottomanism drive?
a)
A major part of this drive was taking control of local schools and mandating the adoption of a standardized curriculum for all students.
b)
A major part of this drive was transferring control of local schools and forbidding the adoption of any standardized curriculum for all students.
c)
A major part of this drive was funding the local schools and encouraging the adoption of various diverse curriculums for all students.
d)
A major part of this drive was closing down all local schools and eliminating the need for any standardized curriculum for all students.
e)
A major part of this drive was privatizing all local schools and allowing the implementation of individual curriculums for all students.
139.
How did the various ethnic and religious groups within the Ottoman Empire generally perceive and react to the Ottomanism movement?
a)
Ethnic and religious groups had their own nationalist urges and viewed the Ottomanism movement with significant suspicion and mistrust.
b)
Ethnic and religious groups had no nationalist urges and viewed the Ottomanism movement with significant support and active participation.
c)
Ethnic and religious groups had no nationalist urges and viewed the Ottomanism movement with total indifference and lack of concern.
d)
Ethnic and religious groups had their own nationalist urges and viewed the Ottomanism movement with great enthusiasm and active participation.
e)
Ethnic and religious groups had conflicting nationalist urges and viewed the Ottomanism movement with cautious optimism and limited participation.
140.
What was the unexpected and ironic ultimate effect of the Ottomanism attempt to create a more internally unified state?
a)
Ironically, the attempt to unify served only to highlight and intensify the subject people's distinct feelings and to promote their strong desire for immediate independence.
b)
Ironically, the attempt to unify served only to diminish and suppress the subject people's distinct feelings and to prevent their strong desire for immediate independence.
c)
Ironically, the attempt to unify served only to confuse and misdirect the subject people's distinct feelings and to delay their strong desire for immediate independence.
d)
Ironically, the attempt to unify served only to solidify and centralize the subject people's distinct feelings and to eliminate their strong desire for immediate independence.
e)
Ironically, the attempt to unify served only to moderate and temper the subject people's distinct feelings and to redirect their strong desire for immediate independence.
141.
What is the present-day political influence of nationalism, and what are some indications that its prominence might be starting to decrease?
a)
Nationalism continues to shape political allegiances, but some signs suggest its decline, such as European countries agreeing to use the same currency and allowing people to travel freely.
b)
Nationalism continues to shape political allegiances, but some signs suggest its increase, such as European countries adopting unique currencies and restricting people from traveling freely.
c)
Nationalism has ceased to shape political allegiances, but some signs suggest its reappearance, such as European countries standardizing tax codes and coordinating educational policies.
d)
Nationalism has ceased to shape political allegiances, but some signs suggest its decline, such as European countries abandoning national flags and abolishing national borders.
e)
Nationalism continues to shape political allegiances, but some signs suggest its decline, such as European countries increasing military spending and implementing strict trade tariffs.
142.
What potential shift in political grouping might these changes in Europe reflect, and what historical political organizations might nations eventually give way to?
a)
These changes might reflect a shift away from nationalism and toward a larger political grouping, with nations potentially giving way to other forms, like city-states and empires did before.
b)
These changes might reflect a shift toward intense nationalism and away from a larger political grouping, with nations potentially giving way to smaller forms, like regions and provinces did before.
c)
These changes might reflect a shift toward permanent isolationism and away from a larger political grouping, with nations potentially giving way to theocratic forms, like churches and monasteries did before.
d)
These changes might reflect a shift toward radical communism and away from a larger political grouping, with nations potentially giving way to socialist forms, like communes and collectives did before.
e)
These changes might reflect a shift toward absolute monarchy and away from a larger political grouping, with nations potentially giving way to feudal forms, like manors and principalities did before.
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