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WorksheetsSemester Exam Units 4-6
Total questions: 142
Worksheet time: 1hrs 11mins
Which policy change did the Currency Act of 1764 enforce in the colonies?
Raised customs duties on imported British goods
Required colonial banks to guarantee all loans
Restricted use of paper money to curb inflation
Introduced silver coins to replace colonial barter
What made the Stamp Act of 1765 distinct among British measures on the colonies?
It abolished taxes on printed newspapers
It banned colonial assemblies from meeting
It was the first direct tax imposed on colonists
It required quartering soldiers in private homes
Which materials needed stamps under the Stamp Act of 1765?
Newspapers and pamphlets
Playing cards and diplomas
Wills and legal deeds
Tea and sugar shipments
What obligation did the Quartering Act of 1765 place on colonists?
Provide barracks or pay rent for British troops
Supply taxes on all printed materials
Accept new paper currency for all debts
Elect representatives to Parliament in London
Match each act or group to its primary feature or action.
Currency Act (1764)
Limited paper money, aimed at inflation
Stamp Act (1765)
Direct tax on printed materials
Quartering Act (1765)
Housing or rent for British soldiers
Sons of Liberty
Organized anti-tax protests
Which best captures the colonial slogan during resistance to taxation?
No Taxation Without Representation
Liberty Through Parliamentary Rule
Obedience Ensures Prosperity
Trade First, Politics Later
What was the role of the Stamp Act Congress during the crisis?
Drafted a Declaration of Rights asserting taxing power belonged to colonial representatives
Organized boycotts of British tea across all colonies
Deployed militia to defend customs houses
Negotiated seats for colonists in the British Parliament
Which best describes a boycott used by colonists after the Stamp Act took effect in 1765?
Writing petitions without changing consumption
Paying extra taxes to speed repeal through
Protesting only in town hall meetings peacefully
Refusing to buy British goods to apply pressure
What was the main assertion of the Declaratory Act of 1766?
Colonial assemblies gained tax authority
Parliament had power to legislate for colonies
Only governors could veto colonial laws
The Stamp Act would permanently continue
Which items faced duties under the Townshend Acts of 1767?
Sugar and molasses
Tea and paint supplies
Glass and paper products
Lead and manufactured goods
Under writs of assistance, customs officers could do what?
Search for smuggling without specific warrants
Seize only cargo at public docks
Require jury trials before any search
Enter homes only with governor approval
Match each figure or document with its role in colonial resistance.
John Dickinson
Argued elected assemblies held taxing power
Sam Adams
Organized Boston Sons of Liberty networks
Nonimportation agreement
Merchants pledged to stop buying British goods
Declaratory Act
Affirmed Parliament’s authority over colonies
Why did colonists see vice-admiralty courts linked to the Townshend Acts as unfair?
Banned defense attorneys entirely
Presumed guilt without standard juries
Tried cases only in London courts
Required property tests for jurors
What effect did widespread nonimportation agreements have in Britain?
Merchants profited from higher colonial prices
Workers lost jobs as colonial orders fell
Tax revenues increased across the empire
Manufacturing expanded due to new demand
According to Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer, how should colonies respond to the Townshend Acts?
Pay duties to avoid harsher penalties
Support governors replacing assemblies
Accept Parliament’s superior authority
Unite under elected assemblies to resist
Which statement best explains why the Virginia Resolves alarmed British authorities in 1765–1767?
They denied Parliament’s right to tax Virginians
They proposed higher tariffs on French goods
They pledged loyalty to King George III
They demanded more troops in the colonies
What was a primary action of the Daughters of Liberty during the colonial protests?
Organized armed militias against soldiers
Negotiated trade deals with France
Boycotted British tea and wool imports
Drafted the Declaration of Independence
Crispus Attucks is most closely associated with which event and role?
Tea Act protests as a merchant
Gaspee Affair as a Rhode Island judge
Virginia Resolves as a legislator
Boston Massacre as a casualty
During the Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770, what immediate circumstance escalated tensions in the street?
Colonists threw snowballs at soldiers
Customs officers seized the Gaspee
British ships blockaded the harbor
Parliament repealed Townshend Acts
Which sequence shows the immediate aftermath of the Boston Massacre for colonial-British relations?
Gaspee burning, Quebec Act, independence
Massacre, Intolerable Acts, immediate war
Tea Party, repeal of Stamp Act, long peace
Massacre, repeal of Townshend Acts, brief calm
Match each term with its correct description.
Virginia Resolves
Colonial claim against Parliament’s taxing power
Daughters of Liberty
Women’s nonimportation and homespun efforts
Boston Massacre
Street clash with five colonial deaths
Gaspee Affair
Attack on a customs ship enforcing searches
Which actions reflected colonial nonimportation strategies in the late 1760s? Select all that apply.
Petitioning for royal governorships
Brewing and drinking non-British tea
Wearing homespun clothing as patriotism
Refusing to buy British wool textiles
What made the Gaspee Affair significant in the road to revolution?
It targeted warrantless customs searches
It ended the Quartering Act immediately
It created the First Continental Congress
It stopped smuggling across the colonies
Which best describes the main purpose of the Committees of Correspondence in the colonies?
To collect new taxes from colonial merchants
To negotiate trade deals with the Dutch and French
To promote communication and unify colonial resistance
To recruit soldiers for the British regular army
Which change from the Tea Act most threatened colonial merchants’ business model?
Raising tariffs on Dutch tea imports
Banning all tea shipments into Boston Harbor
Allowing tea to be sold at higher monopoly prices
Letting East India Company sell tea directly to shopkeepers
What was a key immediate outcome of the Boston Tea Party in December 1773?
Parliament refunded taxes to colonial tea merchants
342 chests of tea were dumped into Boston Harbor
The East India Company reduced its tea surplus
Colonial leaders were appointed by the royal governor
Select all actions included in the Coercive Acts as punishment for Massachusetts.
Banning town meetings across the colony
Electing judges and sheriffs by popular vote
Appointing council members by the governor
Closing Boston’s port until tea was paid for
Why did many colonists view shipping suspects to England for trial as unacceptable?
It violated the right to trial by local jury
It increased customs duties on colonial goods
It prohibited legal counsel for defendants
It forced colonists to serve on royal ships
Match each item with its description.
Committees of Correspondence
Network that unified colonies and spread information
Tea Act
Law lowering tea prices and bypassing merchants
Boston Tea Party
Protest dumping tea chests into Boston Harbor
Coercive Acts
Punitive laws closing port and altering governance
Which fear did colonial merchants express after learning the Tea Act’s terms?
Dutch tea would become more expensive than British
The Act was the first step to squeeze them out
Smugglers would be rewarded by Parliament
Shopkeepers would refuse to sell British tea
What was the primary purpose of the First Continental Congress convened in September 1774?
To coordinate colonial responses to Coercive Acts
To draft a treaty with France for support
To organize a national tax to fund militias
To declare immediate independence from Britain
Which document asserted colonial rights while condemning the Coercive Acts?
Declaration of Rights and Grievances
Proclamation of 1763
Olive Branch Petition
Common Sense Pamphlet
Match each event or group with the correct description.
Minutemen
Colonial militia ready at a moment’s notice
Lexington skirmish
Initial clash where a single shot was fired
Concord battle
Redcoats met large militia and then retreated
Committees of correspondence
Network coordinating colonial discussion
Which actions were decided or urged around the First Continental Congress?
Remaining loyal while condemning coercive laws
Forming a nonimportation association
Electing George Washington as commander
Agreeing to hold a second congress
At Lexington, what sequence best describes the opening of armed conflict?
Both sides negotiated and withdrew peacefully
Colonists attacked first in organized volleys
Minutemen dispersed and a single shot fired
Redcoats surrendered without resistance
What was a major outcome of the Battle of Concord?
British advanced and occupied Boston
Colonial militia suffered heavier losses overall
British retreated under fire to Boston
French troops arrived to aid colonists
What were two key decisions of the Second Continental Congress three weeks after Lexington and Concord?
Adopted surrounding militia as Continental Army
Appointed George Washington as commander
Declared independence immediately in 1775
Requested British reinforcements to restore order
Which statement best describes the Olive Branch Petition’s purpose in mid-1775?
Proposed a new tax plan to fund the Continental Army
Demanded colonial control of Boston and British troop withdrawal
Declared immediate independence and urged foreign alliances
Affirmed colonial loyalty while seeking a peaceful halt to fighting
Which action by King George III escalated tensions after rejecting reconciliation efforts?
Passing the Prohibitory Act imposing a naval blockade
Inviting French mediation to end hostilities
Granting colonial home rule and free trade
Ordering peace talks with the Continental Congress
Match each item with its description.
Olive Branch Petition
Last attempt to stop fighting while affirming loyalty
Prohibitory Act
Shut down colonial trade; declared colonies enemies
Battle of Bunker (Breed’s) Hill
Costly British assaults up Breed’s Hill; heavy casualties
Common Sense
Pamphlet urging independence; swayed public opinion
At Breed’s Hill on June 17, 1775, what tactical factor most affected British casualties?
Poor weather reducing visibility and morale
Lack of artillery support on both sides
Advancing uphill under heavy close-range fire
A surprise night attack on British camps
Which outcomes followed the Battle of Bunker Hill? Select all that apply.
Colonial forces captured Boston immediately
British suffered over 1,000 casualties in assaults
Militia gained confidence against a top European army
General Gage resigned and Howe took command
Why did William Prescott reportedly order, “Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes”?
To conserve limited ammunition for effective close fire
To test new muskets requiring close inspection
To signal a retreat once the British reached the crest
To comply with a ceasefire agreed with British officers
How did Thomas Paine’s Common Sense influence the independence movement?
It called for reconciliation through new petitions
It focused solely on military strategy against Britain
It persuaded many colonists toward independence
It argued to remain loyal to the king indefinitely
Which statement best explains the significance of July 4, 1776 in the colonies?
Congress declared independence and birthed a new nation
Parliament granted colonial self-rule without full separation
George III abdicated, ending monarchical authority in America
French forces officially allied with the colonial army
Who primarily drafted the Declaration of Independence after a committee was formed?
John Adams served as sole author of the text
Thomas Jefferson wrote the main declaration
Roger Sherman produced the final approved version
Benjamin Franklin composed the entire document
What shift did the Declaration mark in the nature of the conflict with Britain?
A trade dispute turned into embargo negotiations
A legal petition transformed into a royal hearing
A tax protest evolved into tariff reform
A rebellion became a true revolution
Match each colonial faction to its defining stance.
Patriots (Whigs)
Favored colonial liberties and independence
Loyalists (Tories)
Remained loyal to British rule and policies
Many neutral colonists
Supported whichever side seemed likely to win
Which statements describe Patriots during the American Revolution? Select all that apply.
Rejected British rule and sought independence
Remained loyal to Parliament and the king
Included farmers, merchants, and artisans
Preferred no side, waiting to back the winner
Prior to the Declaration, whom did many colonists mainly blame for their grievances, and what argument shifted that view?
The colonies were blamed; arguments targeted France
Parliament was blamed; arguments targeted King George III
Local assemblies were blamed; arguments targeted Parliament
Merchants were blamed; arguments targeted colonial governors
Which factor most strengthened British military capability at the war’s outset?
Superior navy projecting sea power
Extensive militia skilled in guerillas
French loans supporting logistics
Knowledge of local terrain advantages
Which pairing correctly matches each side with a disadvantage it faced early in the Revolutionary War?
Britain
Fighting in unfamiliar territory
America
Poorly equipped forces
Both
Limited support from populace
Which combination of American advantages most offset British professional training?
Strong central government authority
Knowledge of land and people
French alliance with loans and troops
Use of militia in guerilla warfare
Superior navy with global reach
Why did Britain’s global empire create a strategic weakness in North America?
Large empire meant few troops to spare
Troops were too familiar with colonies
Central government caused slow decisions
Abundant resources reduced urgency
Which statement best explains the American army’s early performance problems?
Consistent naval dominance on seas
Strict discipline across long campaigns
Overabundance of ammunition stocks
Inexperienced and poorly equipped soldiers
Which development most improved the American strategic position after 1778?
Discovery of new domestic gunpowder
French alliance adding loans and navy
British Parliament expanding war taxes
Colonists abandoning militia tactics
Which statement best describes the British invasion of New York in 1776 under General Howe?
Swift conquest with total American destruction
Failed assault repelled by colonial militia
Stalemate with equal losses on both sides
Initial victory but Washington’s army escaped
Nathan Hale is most closely associated with which role and outcome during the Northern Campaigns?
Hessian officer defeated at Trenton
American spy captured and executed
Continental general who surrendered at Fort Lee
British diplomat who negotiated a truce
What immediate strategic effect followed the British forcing surrender at Fort Washington and Fort Lee?
Washington resigned his command
The Continental Congress fled to Canada
The Hudson River Valley opened to the British
France entered the war on America’s side
In winter 1776–1777, why did Washington seek a decisive action before making winter camp?
To recruit German mercenaries for pay
To prevent soldier desertion amid low morale
To seize Philadelphia before Howe arrived
To await reinforcements from New England
Which factors contributed to the American success at the Battle of Trenton?
A surprise attack on Hessian forces
Crossing the Delaware amid harsh conditions
British naval blockade on the Hudson
Hessians distracted by Christmas celebrations
How did the Battle of Princeton influence the Continental Army after Trenton?
It reversed momentum and forced retreat
It provided another key victory before winter
It led to immediate peace negotiations
It caused widespread desertion and panic
Match each item to its correct description related to the Northern Campaigns.
Nathan Hale
American spy executed after capture
Fort Washington and Fort Lee
British forced colonial surrender opening Hudson
Battle of Trenton
Surprise assault on Hessian troops at Christmas
Battle of Princeton
Follow-up victory building on new momentum
Which outcome best explains why the Battle of Saratoga is considered a turning point in the Revolutionary War?
British secured northern supply lines
France formally allied with the Americans
Burgoyne escaped with his entire army
Washington captured New York City
Who ambushed British reinforcements during the Saratoga campaign, contributing to the American victory?
Charles Lee
Benedict Arnold
Horatio Gates
John Burgoyne
Select all developments that resulted from the American victory at Saratoga.
Boost in American morale
Recognition of America as legitimate power
Immediate capture of Philadelphia
French commitment as an ally
Which statement best describes Valley Forge during the winter of 1777–1778?
Comfortable quarters with ample supplies
Temporary ceasefire ensured safety
Bitter cold, disease, and shortages
Rapid victory ended the encampment
Match each figure to the correct role in the Revolutionary War.
Benedict Arnold
Ambushed reinforcements at Saratoga
Marquis de Lafayette
French commander who aided training
Baron von Steuben
Prussian officer who trained troops
Horatio Gates
Received Burgoyne’s surrender
Which impact did foreign commanders have at Valley Forge?
Ended inflation by minting hard currency
Replaced Washington as army leader
Negotiated British surrender of Boston
Introduced modern tactics and discipline
What early step did Congress take when gold and silver ran out to finance the war?
Sold western lands to speculators
Raised taxes on colonial trade
Printed paper Continentals causing inflation
Borrowed solely from France
Which outcome best describes the Battle of Monmouth?
Standoff with moral boost for American forces
Major British defeat ending northern operations
Decisive British victory with heavy Patriot losses
Complete American victory forcing British surrender
At Monmouth, extreme heat affected casualties. What factor caused nearly as many deaths as enemy action?
Cold exposure during night marches
Heat stroke during intense fighting
Disease spread in encampments
Starvation from supply shortages
Which women are correctly linked to their roles at Monmouth?
Molly Pitcher (Mary Ludwig Hays)
Carried water to Patriot gunners
Margaret Corbin
Took husband’s place at the cannon
Women generally
Participated in battle efforts
Who were American diplomats sent to France seeking recognition and support?
Benjamin Franklin
John Adams
Silas Deane
Arthur Lee
What was a key result of the 1778 treaty with France after Saratoga?
France mediated a ceasefire with Britain only
France annexed American ports for naval bases
France demanded repayment before any aid was given
France recognized the U.S. as an independent nation
Which statement about Spain’s role is accurate?
Spain fought only in the northern theater alongside Britain
Spain stayed neutral throughout the Revolutionary War
Spain signed a direct military alliance with the United States
Spain joined with France to fight Britain, no U.S.–Spain alliance
In the Southern Campaign, which leadership change and action occurred?
Washington replaced Clinton and marched north
Henry Clinton replaced Howe and launched a southern offensive
Cornwallis replaced Howe and ended southern operations
Howe replaced Clinton and withdrew from the South
Which treaty development followed the initial recognition treaty with France?
An agreement returning colonies to British control
A British-French truce ending the war
A trade-only pact with no military clauses
A second treaty forming a formal military alliance
Which British objective best explains the early focus on the southern colonies in 1778–1780?
Protect northern trade routes from raids
Open western lands beyond the Ohio
Secure French alliances for naval aid
Exploit Loyalist support and cash crops
Which city did the British capture in May 1780 with a force of 14,000, resulting in the costliest American defeat of the war?
Wilmington in North Carolina
Norfolk in Virginia
Savannah in Georgia
Charles Town in South Carolina
At the Battle of Camden, what was General Horatio Gates attempting to defend when he failed?
The South Carolina backcountry
The Georgia coastal plantations
The North Carolina Piedmont
The Virginia Tidewater region
Which British cavalry officer was notorious for brutal raids that terrorized Patriot communities in the South?
Henry Clinton
Charles Cornwallis
Patrick Ferguson
Banastre Tarleton
What made the Battle of Kings Mountain (October 7, 1780) a turning point in the South?
British seized major southern ports
Patriot anger spurred guerrilla warfare
Tarleton captured large Patriot armies
Mountain militia defeated Ferguson
Match each figure or place with the correct description from the Southern Campaign.
Savannah, Georgia
British seized control and restored royal governor
Charles Cornwallis
Left in command of British forces in the South
Patrick Ferguson
Led raids against Patriots in Appalachian region
Horatio Gates
Defeated while trying to defend Camden
Which elements best describe General Nathaniel Greene’s strategy for victory in the South?
Rely on hit-and-run disorganization
Wear down British with regular troops
Use militias to cut supply lines
Concentrate forces in set-piece sieges
Which factor most directly led to Cornwallis retreating to Yorktown in 1781?
Benedict Arnold’s growing American support
Losses against militia in South Carolina
Washington’s inability to move troops north
American and French forces creating an opportunity
At Yorktown, how did the French fleet under Admiral de Grasse contribute to the British defeat?
It evacuated British soldiers to New York
It trapped Cornwallis from the sea
It blockaded American supplies from Virginia
It bombarded Charleston for weeks
Which American commander defeated British Captain Tarleton at the Battle of Cowpens?
Francis Marion
John Jay
Daniel Morgan
Anthony Wayne
Which statement best explains why Cornwallis believed time was running out for Britain once Americans controlled Virginia?
Cowpens proved militia could win alone
French troops and supplies could reinforce America
Spanish forces would seize British ports
New York would fall to Benedict Arnold
After Yorktown, which diplomats negotiated with Britain and helped secure American independence in the Treaty of Paris?
John Jay
George Washington
John Adams
Benjamin Franklin
Anthony Wayne
Match each figure or event with its role in the war’s end.
Francis Marion
Swamp Fox, successful militia commander
Battle of Yorktown
Final major battle leading to British surrender
Treaty of Paris (1783)
Agreement recognizing U.S. independence
General Cornwallis
British commander trapped and forced to surrender
Which terms were included in the Treaty of Paris of 1783?
British recognition of the United States
Mississippi River as western border
Florida returned to Spain
Britain retained control of New York
Northern boundary with Florida clearly defined
Which idea best describes the rise of egalitarianism after the Revolution?
Belief that property defines rights
Belief that all people are equal
Belief that social ranks are fixed
Belief that elites should rule
In a republican government, where does political power primarily reside?
With foreign creditors
With a body of citizens
With appointed military leaders
With hereditary monarchs
Which change in voting rights occurred in many states after the Revolution?
Limited to wealthy merchants
Revoked for property owners
Extended to poor white men
Extended to all adult women
Which statement best reflects outcomes for African Americans during the Revolution era?
Northern states began outlawing slavery
Southern states made freeing slaves easier
Black population in Virginia fell sharply
Laws guaranteed equal political rights
Match each Revolutionary-era development to its effect.
Land grants for military service
More commoners ran for office
New state constitutions
Listed individual rights
Religious changes
Freedom of worship expanded
Loyalist migration
About 100,000 fled the U.S.
Which statement best explains why many Americans were reluctant to create a strong central government under the Articles of Confederation?
Urban merchants opposed any republic
Foreign debts required centralized control
Allegiance remained to individual colonies
Monarchs demanded local autonomy
Which definition of republicanism fits the post-Revolution United States?
Judges hold lifelong sovereignty
Military councils set policy
Kings rule with divine right
Voters exercise sovereign power
Which statement best describes the overall structure of government under the Articles of Confederation?
Unitary system with centralized national sovereignty
Loose union of states with weak central authority
Bicameral Congress with powerful judiciary
Strong national executive with state oversight
Under the Articles of Confederation, which level retained sovereignty over most powers?
National government held supreme sovereignty
County governments retained chief sovereignty
State governments retained independent sovereignty
Local town councils held shared sovereignty
Which feature correctly identifies the Confederation Congress?
It served as the entire national government without executive or judiciary
It was a bicameral legislature with two strong chambers
It was led by a permanent national president and cabinet
It enforced laws through a national court system with judges
Which set lists powers that the national government could exercise under the Articles?
Make treaties and alliances
Directly regulate state constitutions
Raise an army and navy
Coin and borrow money
Match each domain with the level of government primarily responsible under the Articles of Confederation.
Making most laws within territories
State governments
Regulating Indian affairs
National government
Establishing weights and measures
National government
Creating a national court system
Not established under Articles
Why did the Articles intentionally create a weak central government after independence from Britain?
To replicate European monarchies with strong kings
To prevent concentration of power after fighting centralized rule
To enable rapid taxation for national projects
To expand voting rights to all adults immediately
Which statement about early state constitutions in the new republic is accurate?
They emphasized liberty and protected specific rights
They created a national executive above state laws
They guaranteed unlimited powers to governors
They eliminated all voting restrictions instantly
Which weakness of the Articles of Confederation most directly prevented Congress from paying Revolutionary War debts?
Amendments required unanimous consent
No executive or judicial branches
One vote per state in Congress
No power to levy direct taxes
Under the Articles of Confederation, what challenge did the United States face in regulating economic activity between states and nations?
Congress could not regulate trade
States lacked their own currencies
Britain controlled American tariffs
The Treasury banned interstate commerce
Which provision of the Land Ordinance of 1785 addressed the development of western lands?
Surveyed and sold land west of Appalachians
Established a national banking system
Granted immediate statehood to territories
Created federal military districts
What was a key feature of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 regarding governance and rights?
Guaranteed civil liberties and banned slavery
Imposed federal direct taxes on settlers
Established an executive branch for territories
Required unanimous votes for territorial laws
Which states eventually emerged from the Northwest Territory as free states due to the Northwest Ordinance’s slavery exclusion?
Wisconsin and Ohio
Kentucky and Tennessee
Illinois and Michigan
Ohio and Indiana
Match each issue under the Articles of Confederation with its consequence.
No power to tax
Couldn’t pay war debts
No power to regulate trade
States imposed conflicting tariffs
One vote per state
Small and large states had equal influence
No executive branch
Laws lacked centralized enforcement
After the war, British restrictions on American access to markets led to what federal response?
Granting Britain most-favored-nation status
Imposing national tariffs immediately
Creating a permanent standing army
Negotiating trade treaties with European nations
Which statement best captures the overall problem of national unity under the Articles of Confederation?
Federal courts dominated state politics
States were forced into uniform taxation
Weak central authority hindered collective action
A strong presidency divided regional interests
Which issue most directly encouraged states to impose their own customs duties along borders?
British troops occupied frontier forts
State courts overturned tax laws
Spain closed the Mississippi River mouth
Congress lacked power to regulate commerce
Interstate trade conflicts escalated when states taxed each other’s goods. Which example shows this retaliation cycle?
Massachusetts taxed tea; Virginia banned coastal shipping
New York taxed firewood; New Jersey charged for harbor lighthouse
Pennsylvania taxed steel; Delaware halted river ferries
Georgia taxed rice; South Carolina closed its ports to cotton
Why did British goods flood American markets after the Revolution?
Britain subsidized Loyalist factories inside the U.S.
The U.S. embargoed British merchants nationwide
Congress banned domestic manufacturing completely
States had low import duties and weak coordination
Match each challenge under the Articles with its consequence.
Congress had limited powers
No diplomatic leverage against Britain or Spain
States printed more paper money
Inflation and higher prices
Spain closed Mississippi mouth
Western trade blocked for American ships
Refusal to honor prewar debts
British troops remained in western territory
Which statement best explains the diplomatic failures of the Confederation government?
Treaties were banned by state legislatures
States refused to elect foreign ambassadors
Congress could not tax or sanction foreign powers
Britain and Spain were allies of the United States
What policy change by some states aimed to address inflation?
Stopping paper money printing and raising taxes
Issuing more credit to farmers and artisans
Eliminating all tariffs on imported goods
Pegging currency to British pounds sterling
Which combination of factors helped spark Shays’ Rebellion in Massachusetts?
Spanish raids along the Florida border
Loyalist property seizures by Congress
Stopping the printing of paper money
High taxes on indebted farmers
What was a broader result of states acting independently in trade policy under the Articles?
Erosion of national unity across the union
Immediate diplomatic success with Britain
Rapid growth in interstate commerce
Unified tariff schedule across all states
Which concern pushed many leaders to seek a stronger national government in the 1780s?
Fear that state laws weakened property rights
Assurance that courts always favored creditors
Belief that taxes were too low for merchants
Confidence that militias protected every county
What did General Henry Knox argue the government must do in response to lawless violence?
Reduce courts and increase local assemblies
Expand militias without altering institutions
Remain unchanged to preserve state autonomy
Be braced, changed, or altered to secure lives
Shays’ Rebellion influenced calls for change by highlighting which weakness under the Articles of Confederation?
Limited national capacity to handle unrest
Uniform state policies on property seizures
Excessive federal control over courthouses
Strong presidential power to seize arsenals
Who were the Nationalists during the 1780s political debates?
Groups focused only on local taxation
Leaders pushing for more state sovereignty
Supporters of keeping the Articles unchanged
Advocates for a stronger central government
Match each event or detail to its correct description.
Annapolis Convention
Meeting to discuss trade and taxation problems
Rhode Island’s choice
State that did not send delegates
Constitutional Convention location
Independence Hall in Philadelphia
Presiding officer
George Washington selected to lead
Which statements about the Constitutional Convention are accurate? Select all that apply.
Meetings were open to the public throughout
Seven state governors and eight Declaration signers attended
James Madison kept detailed notes of proceedings
Most delegates were lawyers, with merchants and planters included
Which feature best describes the Virginia Plan’s approach to representation in Congress?
Representation based on state population in both houses
Representation based on state population in a two-house legislature
Equal seats for every state in one house
Equal seats for every state in a two-house legislature
Who is most closely associated with drafting the Virginia Plan during the Constitutional Convention?
Alexander Hamilton of New York
Roger Sherman from Connecticut
James Madison of Virginia
William Paterson of New Jersey
The New Jersey Plan proposed which structural change to Congress?
A single house elected directly by citizens
A single house with equal representation for states
Two houses with proportional representation
Two houses with equal representation in both
Which powers were emphasized in the New Jersey Plan to strengthen the national government?
Authority to regulate interstate trade
Authority to scrap the Articles entirely
Power to create a national judiciary
Power to raise taxes across states
Power to choose state governors
Match each proposal or outcome with its advocate or defining feature.
Virginia Plan
James Madison’s population-based representation
New Jersey Plan
William Paterson’s single-house equality
Connecticut Compromise
Roger Sherman’s bicameral solution
Senate under Compromise
Equal representation: two senators per state
What problem did the Great (Connecticut) Compromise resolve at the Convention?
Disagreement on slavery and the slave trade
Debate on whether to include a bill of rights
Conflict between large and small states on representation
Disputes over executive term limits
Under the Connecticut Compromise, how were members of the House of Representatives originally selected, and how were states represented there?
Chosen by state legislatures, equal seats for states
Elected by the people, seats by population size
Appointed by the president, equal seats for states
Elected by the people, equal seats for states
Which dispute led delegates to adopt the Three-Fifths Compromise during the Constitutional Convention?
Counting enslaved people fully for direct taxation only
Counting enslaved people in population for representation seats
Counting free Black citizens separately from white citizens
Counting women voters equally with male property holders
Under the Three-Fifths Compromise, how were enslaved people counted for representation and taxation?
Every five enslaved people counted as three persons
Every five enslaved people counted as two persons
Every three enslaved people counted as two persons
Every four enslaved people counted as three persons
Which position was commonly held by many Southern delegates regarding how enslaved people should be counted?
Count enslaved people fully to increase congressional seats
Count enslaved people equally with eligible voters
Exclude enslaved people entirely from population totals
Count enslaved people only for federal taxation purposes
What did delegates decide about the slave trade during the Convention?
Ban immediately across all states
Leave regulation solely to the states
Postpone federal action until 1808
Expand and subsidize exports
Match each group to the description that best fits its stance during ratification.
Federalists
Supported a stronger federal system to protect property and regulate trade
Antifederalists
Feared centralized power and the loss of state independence
Convention delegates (most)
Generally favored the Constitution, with a few notable holdouts
Which statements describe Federalists in the ratification debate? Select all that apply.
Emphasized a federal system that retained some state powers
Included wealthy landowners, merchants, artisans, and small farmers
Rejected the Constitution in favor of the Articles of Confederation
Opposed interstate trade and preferred local markets
Why did many Northern delegates object to counting enslaved people fully in state populations?
Because enslaved people could not vote in state elections
Because enslaved people were already counted in separate censuses
Because enslaved people paid fewer federal taxes
Because enslaved people were mostly concentrated in urban states
