The right to bear arms

Freedom to speak without fear of punishment

Protection from cruel and unusual punishment

Freedom to the press to report on court proceedings

Missouri Compromise

Wilmot Proviso

Northwest Ordinance

Kansas-Nebraska Act

the states would surrender too much power to the federal government

alliances could not be formed with other countries

the courts would not be able to hold government officials accountable

individuals would exercise too much power over the federal government

Checks and balances

Federalism

Separation of powers

Due process

The First Amendment guarantees personal freedoms

The Declaration of Independence asserts the principle of popular sovereignty

The U.S. Constitution establishes the structure of the federal government

The Fifth Amendment protects the rights of the accused

did not adequately protect individuals from potential government abuse

did not give the executive branch enough power to oversee the military

prevented the legislative branch from effectively governing the states

prevented the judicial branch from using judicial review to overturn acts of the legislature

To strengthen the authority of the federal government

To improve the organization of the judiciary

To give each state an equal amount of power

To protect individual freedoms from the federal government

A bill of rights should be included in the Constitution before it is ratified

Having a stronger central government will make the country more stable and prosperous

The Three-Fifths Compromise will result in fair and equal representation

Universal suffrage should be constitutionally guaranteed

more that doubled the size of the United States

established a method for admitting new states to the Union

encouraged state legislatures to ratify the Constitution

proposed treaties with American Indians to allow the peaceful settlement of new territories

excessive fines for traffic violations

imprisonment for life without a jury trial

excessive surveillance by the government

conscription by the armed forces

"Religious University Forced to Close by State"

"Mormons Hold State Convention Downtown"

"Congress Declares a National Day of Remembrance"

"Protesters Arrested at Antiwar Rally"

elected representatives are accountable to individual voters

courts have the right to resolve disputes between states

each branch of government can serve as a check on the other branches

power is divided between the federal government and state governments

A portion of the slave population was counted for legislative representation

A federal law enforcing the return of fugitive slaves was passed

The census bureau was established to help apportion representation

The election of senators was delegated to state legislatures

Federalism

Checks and balances

Popular sovereignty

Individual rights

"The existing national government lacks the ability to add new states to the union"

"The states are in danger of losing the ability to raise revenue"

"The existing national government lacks the power to perform essential functions"

"The states are unable to protect the rights of the people"

The eligibility requirements for congressional office

The power granted to the central government

The establishment of a separate judicial branch

The difficulty of the amendment process

against increased power for the national government

for the dissolution of state governments

against the passage of a bill of rights

for the creating of a strong executive branch

The Mayflower Compact

The Articles of Confederation

The Virginia Declaration of Rights

The Declaration of Independence

First Amendment

Fourth Amendment

Fifth Amendment

Tenth Amendment

Federalism

Due process

A bicameral legislature

The social contract

Speaker 1

Speaker 2

Speaker 3

Speaker 4

States have the power to regulate public education

People can choose whether and how to participate in religious services

Persons accused of a crime are presumed innocent until proven guilty

Citizens have the right to be judged by a jury of their peers

People cannot be forced to be witnesses against themselves

Cruel and unusual punishment cannot be inflicted

Warrants cannot be issued unless probable cause is established

A defendant cannot be denied a speedy and public trial

The Constitution will enable states to nullify laws that are harmful to citizens

A strong federal government will be more stable than a loose confederation of states

The Constitution will allow states to establish banks to stabilize the national economy

A republican system of government will better represent large states

The amendment process would allow state governments to nullify federal law

Making the federal government superior to state governments would ensure greater stability

The rights of citizens would be better protected by having both federal and state levels of government

Giving greater power to the federal government would allow it to assist states in times of crisis

It increased the political influence of the South

It allowed indentured servants in the South to become citizens

It decreased the federal tax on property in the South

It allowed the South to expand its industrial output

They did not want a judicial system based upon that of Great Britain

They feared that a strong central government would abuse its power

They were uncertain that democracy would continue to be the best type of government

They did not think that state governments could provide for the general welfare

Minutemen

Loyalists

Federalists

Patriots

To follow the plan outlined in the Articles of Confederation

To reach a compromise between large and small states

To reach a compromise between slave states and non-slave states

To implement the outcome of a popular vote

To encourage citizens to monitor the federal government

To prevent conflicts between state and local governments

To limit the authority of the federal government

To increase the participation of citizens in state government

Free speech allows people to help create a better government

Due process laws are guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment

Individual protections are guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment

Freedom of the press helps the government respond to public opinion

Free-Soilers

Anti-Federalists

Loyalists

Federalists

creating a bicameral legislature

enumerating the powers of the central government

giving veto power to the executive

establishing three branches of government

Federalism

Popular sovereignty

Republicanism

Separation of powers

Due Process

Eminent Domain

Free Speech

Federalism

To settle debates over the issue of counting the enslaved population for representation

To settle the debate over the issue of abolishing the importation of enslaved people

To create a government based on the principle of federalism

To create a government with a bicameral legislature

By settling the issues over voting rights in the North

By settling the issues between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists

By settling the issues over taxation

By settling the issues between large and small states

All states had to approve amendments

The one-house legislature was based on population

The central government held too much power

States coined their own money

Slavery was banned in the Northwest Territory

To prevent political parties from sharing information about opponents

To allow governmental review of information prior to publication

To allow different points of view to be shared with the public

To prevent criticism of elected officials who pass laws

It prevented conflict between individuals who were members of different religions

If prevented the government from making laws prohibiting the practice of certain religious beliefs

It allowed for state governments to unify their citizens under one common religion

It allowed for the preservation of many religious places through government support

Promotion of sectionalism is a priority of government

State laws should carry more weight than national laws

Liberty is best protected by a strong central government

Popular sovereignty allows states the right to legalize slavery

Religious freedom was already protected by the colonies

Although colonists left England to escape religious persecution, religious freedom was restricted by some colonies

Due to religious persecution in England, religious freedom was valued above all other rights in the colonies

Religious freedom was considered unimportant by the colonies

There were concerns that free states would have too much power

There were concerns that the federal government would become too strong

There were concerns that the legislature would be able to control the judicial branch

There were concerns that some states would be able to easily control the government

feared it would provoke attacks from American Indians

did not want to share control of the fur trade with France

resented the limits it imposed on westward expansion

wanted to be able to trade freely with foreign nations

Benedict Arnold

Alexander Hamilton

John Hancock

George Washington

earn by demonstrating loyalty to their government

receive by becoming citizens of a country

have as a result of being human

are granted after enlistment in the military

Leading the evacuation of Washington, D.C., during the British invasion

Preparing the strategy for the American victory at Yorktown

Persuading France to provide military assistance to the Continental army

Commanding a victory at sea against the British navy

political debates that took place at the Albany Convention

interference of Great Britain in the slave trade

economic consequences of the Great Awakening

economic policies imposed by Great Britain following the French and Indian War

The American victory at the Battle of Yorktown

The negotiation of the Treaty of Paris by American diplomats

The bravery of American soldiers at Valley Forge

The arrival of French aid after the Battle of Saratoga

established by a series of Supreme Court decisions

defined by Thomas Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence

established by the ratification of the U.S. Constitution

defined by President George Washington in his Farewell Address

Parliament repeals the Stamp and Sugar Acts

King George III allows colonists to petition Parliament for tax relief

Parliament passes the Intolerable Acts

King George III appoints colonial representatives to Parliament

Saratoga

Concord

Trenton

Yorktown

"He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people"

"For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent"

"He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good"

"For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences"

Great Britain recognized the United States as an independent country

Competing Seminole and Spanish claims in West Florida were resolved

The British navy agreed to stop pressing American sailors into service

British territory in eastern Canada was ceded to France

Colonists sought military support from France

Colonists organized boycotts of British goods

Colonists signed the Declaration of Independence

Colonists dumped tea into Boston Harbor

granted to citizens by their government

natural and possessed at birth

protected under religious doctrine

defined by the courts

transferable

legislated

unalienable

inherited

The British victory extended the fighting for another year

The American defeat led many soldiers to desert the Continental army

The British defeat marked the beginning of a steady decline in British military superiority

The American victory convinced France to ally with the United States

encourage the outbreak of war between England and France

protest British taxation policies

end trade disagreements between colonists and French traders

protest a ban on selling beverages in the colonies

France recognized American independence and declared war against Great Britain

The Second Continental Congress agreed to the Articles of Confederation

Great Britain and the United States signed the Treaty of Paris

The Second Continental Congress sent the Olive Branch Petition to King George III

A shortage of Continental soldiers to maintain the siege of Yorktown

The high number of casualties suffered during the Battle of Bunker Hill

Low morale after the British army captured New York City

Concern for the Continental troops during the winter at Valley Forge

By collecting funds to pay for the tea destroyed in Boston Harbor

By sending ambassadors to France to request military aid

By placing a tax on all goods imported from Great Britain

By holding the First Continental Congress to discuss unified resistance

the establishment of royal courts

the growth of representative government

the implementation of the mercantile system

the abolishment of indentured servitude

It convinced France to support the American cause

The battle led to the signing of the Declaration of Independence

The battle represented the end of the American Revolution

It marked a major change in the leadership of the Continental Army

Justice

Privilege

Property

Education

If was the second battle in the fight for independence

It was the first battle fought with the help of foreign forces

If was the last major battle of the war

It was the battle that helped prolong the war

the eventual adoption of the U.S. Constitution

the formation of a government controlled by religious officials

the creation of a national system of checks and balances

the establishment of the principle of religious freedom

profit from natural resources

avoid crop failures and famine

produce cash crops to pay off debts

escape persecution

It limited the power of future colonial governments

It weakened the influence of religion in government

It established a form of self-government based on a social contract

It guaranteed liberties for colonists through local government

Direct democracy

An elected legislature

Separation of powers

Checks and balances

Created a general council to manage the colonies

Experienced strict control by Parliament

Established their own representative institutions

Appointed governors who reported to the king

To reduce overpopulation in Europe

To create communities founded on religious tolerance

To profit from trading in furs and other goods

To create joint ventures with other European powers

1: Indigo

2: Moderate

3: Rocky soil

4: Ships

The invention of the steam engine

The profitability of cash-crop agriculture

The development of the factory system

The establishment of protective tariffs

creation of alliances between British settlers and American Indians

election of British colonists to Parliament

growth of representative government in British colonies

expansion of British trade in the Americas

American Indians, because they viewed the plight of slaves a similar to their own

Quakers, because slavery contradicted their religious beliefs

British loyalists, because Great Britain had ended the slave trade

Puritans, because the New England economy did not rely on slavery

The Puritans allowed women to participate in government

The Puritans refused to obey the appointed governor

The Puritans outlawed slavery in Massachusetts

The Puritans developed a form of representative self-government

Manufacturers argued that slavery discouraged the development of industry

Farmers argued that using slave labor was expensive and inefficient

Quakers argued that slavery violated Christian principles

Puritans argued that the slave trade encouraged materialism

Maryland

Virginia

South Carolina

Georgia

The economic demands of the plantation system

The construction needs of the railroad

Increased textile manufacturing

Increased western migration

To promote free enterprise

To extend democracy

To expand empires

To found utopian communities

Tall mountains, a long shoreline, and fertile soil

A temperate climate, vast grasslands, and plentiful lakes

Dense forests, natural harbors, and swift rivers

Natural harbors, and arid climate, and rocky soil

It helped establish the tradition of self-government

It was the first attempt to combine political and religious laws

It established the concept of unalienable righs

It outlined a plan for independence from British rule

By introducing indentured servitude to the middle colonies

By requiring colonist to enlist in the military

By limiting the amount of farmland each colonist could have

By preventing colonists from trading with most other foreign countries

freedom from debts

religious freedom

economic freedom

freedom of speech

A lack of skilled labor in the American colonies

Demand for slaves in the American colonies that produced cash crops

A lack of protective tariffs in the American colonies

Demand for slaves in the industrialized American colonies

Family names of early pioneers in the West

The impact of American Indian culture on southwestern states

The influence of Spanish colonial heritage on the United States

Religious beliefs brought by immigrants to the United States

1-Enslaved native populations

2-Organized utopian societies

1-Established Catholic missions

2-Focused primarily on fur trading

1-Promoted political freedom

2-Participated in the triangular trade

1-Became commercial shipbuilders

2-Created an early system of public schools

founding of trade schools in some colonies

development of different economies in the two regions

establishment of import taxes in some colonies

pattern of religious differences in the two regions

Development of labor unions

Increased enlistment in the military

Construction of roads and railroads

Increased profits for plantation owners

Thick forests

Navigable rivers

Flat land and rocky soil

Mild climate

Labor demands of the factory system

Invention of the steamboat

Labor demands of the plantation system

Invention of the mechanical loom

The New England colonies supported financial growth through high-paying industrial work

The Southern colonies supported the plantation production of cash crops because of long growing seasons

The Southern colonies developed large urban centers in order to support increasing manufacturing businesses

The New England colonies developed large rural populations in order to support increasing agricultural production

Influence of John Locke and other Enlightenment philosophers

Ideas of John Smith and other English soldiers

Need to establish trading forts

Interest in growing cash crops

The rise of religious participation led to people focusing less on politics

The focus on equality in religion caused people to question authority

Church leaders preached about creating a state ruled by religion

Church officials taught about the virtues of manarchy

Southern states were threatening to secede from the Union

The United States had large debts from the American Revolution

Great Britain was refusing to trade with the United States

The Articles of Confederation needed to be replaced with a stronger constitution

John Adams and Benjamin Franklin

Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Paine

George Washington and James Madison

Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton

The passage of a trade embargo against Great Britain

The abolition of consumption taxes

The creation of a trade alliance with France

The establishment of a national bank

the creation of reservations for American Indians

a struggle to ratify the Bill of Rights

the establishment of the first U.S. political parties

a compromise over slavery in western territories

taxation without representation

the doctrine of judicial review

territorial expansion to the west

the extent of federal power

colonial Settlements

protective Tariffs

permanent Alliances

territorial Disputes

oversee state government agencies

regulate the creation of new businesses

establish a national bank

eliminate protective tariffs

the federal government had the power to pass and enforce tax laws

a national military was needed for dealing with foreign threats

the federal government could raise tariffs to protect industries

a national court system was needed for resolving disputes between states

The purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France

The election of George Washington to a second term as president

The establishment of the First Bank of the United States

The attack on the Port of Tripoli in North Africa

George Washington's Farewell Address

The Monroe Doctrine

Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address

The Federalist Papers

becoming involved in the political affairs of other countries

being a part of a global trade network

establishing U.S. territories overseas

allowing U.S. citizens to emigrate

The Democratic-Republicans favored the expansion of a strong national government

The Democratic-Republicans supported strict restrictions on immigration

The Democratic-Republicans supported the use of tariffs

The Democratic-Republicans favored states' rights and the rights of the common man

The bank would help provide stability for the U.S. economy

The bank would create a monopoly that would eliminate state banks

The bank would encourage foreign competition for manufactured goods

The bank would have the power to regulate interstate commerce

To end European colonization in the Western Hemisphere

To avoid being drawn into European wars

To use trade embargoes to stay neutral

To encourage growth through the transatlantic slave trade

John Adams

Thomas Jefferson

James Madison

George Washington

To encourage trade with Great Britain

To manage the country's debt

To discourage the creation of plantations

To centralize the collection of federal taxes

To replace the states' banks