[ ]: Lack of motivation experienced by some with schizophrenia

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[ ] delusion: A strongly held belief that you are someone with special powers or special abilities, for example that you are a superhero

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Schizophrenia is marked by [ ] distorted beliefs called delusions

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The sample of the Freeman study was [ ] non-clinical participants.

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Randomised control trials shown that [ ]% of SZ Ps taking anti-psychotics show significant improvement within 4-6 weeks.

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Typical anti-psychotics caused some Ps to experience [2 words], or involuntary muscle spasms and abnormal movements of the face and body.

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The semi-structured interview for Freeman was videotaped, then rated for persecutory content on a [ ] point scale by Freeman, a clinical psychologist.

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Freeman: Ps took the Brief Symptom Inventory, The Paranoia Scale, The Anxiety Questionnaire, The Sense of Presence Questionnaire, and the [ ] questionnaire, written by the Rs.

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The VR-Paranoia scale had [ ] total items, each rated on a 4 point scale from 0-3.

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Freeman conclusion: Higher levels of [ ] and anxiety were significantly correlated with higher levels of persecutory thoughts in VR.

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These 5 items from Freeman's VR-Paranoia Scale measured VR-[ ].

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Freeman conclusion: People DO [ ] mental states to VR characters, usually positive ones, but sometimes persecutory.

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Another cognitive explanation for SZ is that Ps show impaired [3 words], which causes them to struggle to interpret the intentions of others and may contribute to feelings of persecution and paranoia.

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If you have a fraternal twin with SZ, you have a [ ]% chance of developing it.

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If you have an identical twin with SZ, you have a [ ]% chance of developing it.

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Frith's cognitive explanation for schizophrenia suggests the central issue is [ ].

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The best evidence for the genetic explanation of SZ is that monozygotic twins have a higher [ ] rate than fraternal ones.

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Ps undergoing ECT for acute SZ will be given anesthetic and a [ ].

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Typically, CBT for SZ will last 12-[ ] weekly sessions

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During CBT, Ps are taught to recognize and [ ] their own delusions, often "reality-testing" them

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While drug therapy may not reduce hallucinations completely, through CBT Ps can learn strategies to ignore or [ ] them

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Oruc: Because serotonin is known to be [2 words], Rs re-analyzed the data by gender, finding there WAS a suggestive association for the polymorphisms in females only.

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Beck believed depression was reinforced by thought [ ], or maladaptive thinking patterns - such as catastrophising, selective thinking, personalising, and overgeneralisation.

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Beck believed that trauma or criticism in childhood could cause people to develop a negative [ ], or outlook on life, that caused them to form maladaptive thinking patterns.

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The BDI is a [ ] test, meaning it attempts to quantify a complex mental process.

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Manic episodes last at least 1 week and are characterized by: Extreme mood (euphoric or irritable), high levels of activity/energy and self-esteem, rapid speech, and [ ] behavior.

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Bipolar Type II is characterized by the presence of [ ]-manic episodes, where symptoms are less acute than in a manic episode.

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The aim of the Oruc study was to investigate whether certain genes involved in the encoding for serotonin receptors could be involved in susceptibility to bipolar. These were the 5-HTT and [ ] genes.

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Depressive symptoms include: low mood, loss of pleasure/interest in activities, difficulty [ ], feelings of worthlessness or guilt

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Which neurotransmitter is associated with sleep, appetite, mood, and anxiety?

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A diagnosis of depressive disorder can only be made if the individual has never experienced a [ ] episode, as this would indicate bipolar disorder. [The answer is the simplest one-word answer.]

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The Beck Depression Inventory has [ ] items.

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Each item on the BDI is rated from [ ].

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Each item on the BDI includes [ ] statements, and Ps choose the one that best describes how they have been feeling during the past 2 weeks.

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The bipolar group in Oruc was [ ] Ps with BP-I (25 females, 17 males).

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The CONTROL group in Oruc was [ ] Ps without bipolar disorder, recruited from the hospital staff and friends.

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Rather than focusing on the underlying philosophy, as Ellis's REBT did, Beck's cognitive restructuring focused more teaching Ps to identify and counter their ANTs, or [ ].

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All the Ps in the Oruc study were from what country?

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Seligman believed depression could be explained by your [ ] - or how you explained the bad events that happened to you.

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Seligman believed that depression stems from a feeling of a lack of control over outcomes, which he called [ ].

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People with negative/pessimistic attributional style believed that the causes of bad things that happened to them would affect many areas of their lives, aka they would be [ ].

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People with negative/pessimistic attributional style believed that the causes of bad things that happened to them would last for a long time, aka they would be [ ].

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MAOI stands for

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The "C" in ABCDE is the emotional and behavioral [ ] a P experiences as a result of their irrational beliefs.

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The "D" in ABCDE is forcefully [ ] those irrational beliefs.

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The "E" in ABCDE refers to the [ ] that the P learns to form.

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The key point of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy is that the consequence is most importantly a result of the person's [ ] about the event, rather than the event iself.

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People with ICDs all experience an increase in tension or [ ] before they perform their undesirable behavior.

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The K-SAS has 11 items rated on a [ ] scale.

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The K-SAS has [ ] items.

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The biological explanation for ICDs is [ ].

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Behavioral Explanation: People develop an ICD as a result of [ ], especially if the reinforcement schedule is intermittent.

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According to the Feeling-State Theory, Ps experience an [ ] emotion while performing the behavior, causing the two to become linked.

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Conditioning those with ICDs to associate their undesirable behavior with an aversive stimulus is [ ].

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Covert sensitisation for ICDs trains Ps to associate their undesirable behavior with a(n) [ ].

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The variable most strongly associated with positive treatment response for OAs was a [ ].

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Clinically relevant treatment in the Grant study was defined as a [ ]% reduction in PG-YBOCS score.

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The Grant study actually combined the results of two studies, one on [ ], and one on naltrexone.

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Ps had to be on [ ] in order to be included in the Grant study on opiate antagonists.

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The Grant sample was [ ] Ps with pathological gambling.

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To be included in the Grant study, Ps had to score a 5 or higher on the [ ] Gambling Screener.

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The Grant key study investigated the factors that influenced the effectiveness of [ ] as treatment for pathological gambling.

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A key point of diagnosing ICDs is that the undesirable behaviors are performed with no discernible [ ].

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Both cognitive-behavioral treatments for ICDs begin with [ ] exercises to help the Ps immerse themselves in the visualizations.

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In the Glover study, a 56 year old kleptomaniac was successfully treated using covert sensitisation, specifically by pairing the idea of stealing with nausea and [ ].

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In Grant, [ ] Ps were more likely to respond to the placebo.

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ICDs are associated with reduced levels of dopamine in the brain's reward system (the [ ]).

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In imaginal desensitisation, each gambling sequence is broken into a series of [ ], including the trigger, anticipating the behavior, arriving at the venue, doing the behavior, having second thoughts, and deciding not to do it.

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In imaginal desensitisation, each gambling sequence is broken into a series of scenes, including the trigger, anticipating the behavior, arriving at the venue, doing the behavior, having [ ], and deciding not to do it.

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During imaginal desensitisation, Ps are supposed to listen to their recordings 2-3 times per day, or at least [ ] times in 7 days for homework.

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In the Glover study, he used covert sensitisation to treat a 54 year old kleptomaniac with a 15 year habit of daily shoplifting by pairing thoughts of the behavior with nausea. She reported significant improvement with only one relapse at the [ ] month check in.

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T was [ ] years old.

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During session 3, T was first exposed to [ ] therapy, which would be used to identify and correct his specific thinking errors (such as catastrophizing)

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During Session 4, he was also taught about the concept of [ ] (acronym), a personal rating scale created and used to assess distress or discomfort.

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During Session 5, T was taught about [ ] therapy, used to prevent the sudden drop in blood pressure that causes fainting.

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At the 12 month follow-up, T's BAI had dropped from 41 to [ ].

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The exposure therapy that T had is also known as [ ].

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The use of a SUDS allows therapists to gather [ ] data and track improvement.

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Fears and anxieties become clinical when they interfere with one's behavior or cause [ ] to relationships, occupation, social interactions, or education (career).

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Symptoms of generalised anxiety disorder include irritability, sleep disturbance, difficulty concentrating, and [ ].

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One diagnostic tool for generalised anxiety disorder is the [ ], named for the number of items on it.

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Each item on the GAD-7 is rated on a scale of [ ], assessing how frequently the symptoms were experienced in the past two weeks.

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[ ]: Excessive fear or anxiety in response to situations where escape might be difficult - such as public transport, being in crowds, or outside the home

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The Ost example study lent evidence to the genetic explanation for phobias by finding that [ ]% of blood phobics reported a first-degree relative with the disorder, compared to 29% of other phobias.

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Before Watson's conditioning, white mice were a(n) [ ] for Little Albert.

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Watson repeatedly paired the white rat (the neutral stimulus) with a loud noise, the [ ] stimulus.

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As a result of repeated pairings (or one especially traumatic one), the previously neutral stimulus becomes a [ ] stimulus, with a [ ] response. (Same word goes in both blanks)

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Freud's [ ] explanation for phobias is that fears are repressed into the subconscious and may be projected onto a stimulus that is perceived as "safer."

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Little Hans, for example, actually feared (hated?) his father who would not let him sleep with his mother, but he redirected that fear onto [ ] that looked like his dad.

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Little Hans feared horses with [ ] that reminded him of his father's mustache and blinkers that reminded him of his father's glasses.

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Little Hans was in the [ ] stage of psychosexual development when he started being attracted to his mother and hating his father.

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Systematic desensitisation is based on Wolpe's theory of [ ], that it is impossible to hold two contradictory emotions at once (fear and calm).

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The GAD-7 is a [ ] used by general practitioners rather than a formal diagnostic tool.

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One item from the GAD-7 is "Trouble relaxing." Another is "Becoming easily annoyed or [ ]"

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According to Freud, all boys have an [ ] stage as part of their natural psychosexual development where they were sexually attracted to their mothers. But some, like Little Hans, develop a complex that causes a disorder.

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Freud gathered a great deal of [ ] data through his letters with Little Hans's father, but that information was likely limited by the father's bias.

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T was treated for his BII phobia in [ ] sessions.

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C&D also found that, in addition to fear, [ ] also plays a role in BII phobias, specifically "animal reminder" [ ].

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For a diagnosis of OCD to be made, the obsession and compulsion must take at least [ ] per day.

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The MOCI has [ ] true/false items

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The Y-BOCS has [ ] items. The first half are about obsessions, then second half about compulsions.

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A score of [ ] is considered "clinical" on the Y-BOCS

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Biological explanation: Ps with OCD may have excess [ ], which is the "gas pedal" in the CSTC circuit.

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Biological explanation: OCD is associated with comparatively low levels of the neurotransmitter [ ], which regulates mood and anxiety.

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Genetic explanation: Several genes have been implicated for the role they may play in the development of OCD, including: SERT, [ ], and SLITRK3.

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Like other cognitive explanations, the one for OCD rests on the idea that the obsessive thoughts are a result of [ ]. (2 words)

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A special type of CBT used to treat OCD is known as [ ].

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In ERP, the P is taught to tolerate the anxiety caused by the obsession and the goal is to help them become [ ] to it.

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As part of ERP, Ps create an anxiety [ ] of items that trigger their compulsive behaviors, then work through from least threatening to most threatening.

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The aim of the Lovell key study was to compared the effectiveness of CBT carried out by [ ] with traditional face-to-face CBT.

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Face-to-face CBT sessions were 60 minutes, while telephone sessions were [ ] minutes.

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Each P in the Lovell study received [ ] sessions of CBT and ERP.

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There were [ ] Ps in the Lovell study on CBT for OCD.

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Ps in the Lovell study about OCD were given the Y-BOCS, the BDI, and a [ ].

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Follow-up assessments were completed in the Lovell (OCD) key study after [ ] months.

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A thought becomes an obsession if it is recurrent and [ ] and interferes with one's normal behavior.

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A behaviour is a compulsion if it is [ ] and purposeful, with the P feeling they must engage in it according to certain rules.

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A behaviour is a compulsion if it is repetitious and [ ], with the P feeling they must engage in it according to certain rules.

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For those with OCD their compulsive behaviors often become [ ] they feel they MUST perform in order to prevent their obsessions from happening.

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The MOCI takes [ ] minutes to complete.

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The Y-BOCS takes [ ] minutes to complete.

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Obsessions are unwanted ideas, [ ], or impulses that intrude on thinking against your wishes and efforts to resist them.

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Each of the 10 items on the checklist part of the Y-BOCS is rated from 0-[ ].

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The psychodynamic explanation for OCD is that it arises as a result of trauma that occurred during [2 words] (not stage).

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SSRIs work by blocking serotonin from being re-absorbed by the [ ] ("the vacuum") which cleans up excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft.

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In his ERP the therapist spent less time on cognitive restructuring (because of his ASD), and instead Jason focused on learning [ ] statements ("Nothing bad will happen.")

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"Jason" (the 12 year old with ASD) had an initial Y-BOCS of 18, which dropped to [ ], which was maintained at the 3 month follow-up.

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The Lovell study is what's known as a non-[ ] study, meaning the telephone OCD was not expected to work less well than face-to-face.

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The Ps in Lovell were recruited from 2 outpatient clinics in the city of [ ], United Kingdom.

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For the baseline measure, the Ps in Lovell were given the Y-BOCS twice, [ ] weeks apart.

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Treatment in the Lovell study (OCD) was considered clinically relevant if their Y-BOCS decreased by at least 2 [2 words].

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[Lovell - OCD] Difference in Y-BOCS score between two groups at 6 month check-in was [ ]

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Genetic explanation: In a 2010 study, Shmelkov deleted the [ ] gene from a group of mice, after which they showed increasing OCD-like grooming behaviors (until being treated with SSRIs).

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Common obsessions include contamination, symmetry, unacceptability, and [ ] (either to yourself or others).

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The [ ], which is supposed to filter alarm signals, is part of the striatum.

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According to the cognitive explanation for OCD, Ps with OCD often demonstrate the [ ] thinking error, where they believe that thinking about something makes it more likely to happen, OR that thinking about something is just as bad as doing it.

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According to the cognitive explanation for OCD, Ps with OCD often demonstrate the [ ] responsibility thinking error, where they believe that they possess pivotal (and unrealistic) power to provoke or prevent negative outcomes.

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The behavioural explanation for OCD is based on the idea of [ ] learning - Ps have learned a habit loop is irrational and harmful to them.

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Freud believed that people with anal-[ ] personalities were stubborn perfectionists who were obsessed with order and control, which caused their neurotic behavior (OCD).

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How SSRIs work: Because serotonin is less likely to be re-absorbed by the transporter in the pre-synaptic neuron, more is available at the synaptic cleft to be absorbed and processed by a [ ] in the post-synaptic neuron.

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