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WorksheetsUnit 4-1 Part 2 Bone Biology & Physiology Review
Total questions: 33
Worksheet time: 19mins
Which type of bone cell is primarily responsible for breaking down bone tissue?
Osteoblast
Osteoclast
Osteocyte
Chondrocyte
What is the main function of osteoblasts?
Resorb bone matrix
Maintain bone tissue
Form new bone matrix
Produce cartilage
Which hormone stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone and release calcium into the bloodstream?
Calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone
Insulin
Growth hormone
What type of cartilage is involved in endochondral ossification?
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Articular cartilage
Where does hematopoiesis primarily occur in the body?
Yellow bone marrow
Red bone marrow
Compact bone
Periosteum
Which hormone is released by the thyroid gland and stimulates osteoblasts to deposit calcium in bone?
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Estrogen
Testosterone
What is the role of the epiphyseal plate in long bone growth?
It stores calcium
It is the site of blood cell formation
It allows for lengthwise growth of bones
It forms the bone's outer covering
Which vitamin, actually a steroid hormone, is a key regulator of dietary calcium metabolism?
Vitamin A
Vitamin B12
Vitamin D
Vitamin K
What percentage of the body’s calcium is stored in bones?
10%
25%
50%
99%
Which process describes the formation of bone from a cartilage template?
Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification
Osteolysis
Hematopoiesis
Which of the following best describes the function of osteocytes?
They form new bone tissue
They maintain bone tissue and communicate with other bone cells
They break down bone tissue
They produce cartilage
Why is physical stress important in bone healing after a fracture?
It prevents infection
It stimulates bone growth and remodeling
It increases blood flow to the area
It reduces pain
What is the significance of the reduction of estrogen levels after menopause in women?
It increases bone density
It leads to increased risk of osteoporosis
It stimulates osteoblast activity
It has no effect on bones
Which stage of bone fracture repair involves the formation of a soft callus?
Hematoma formation
Soft callus formation
Hard callus formation
Restoration of compact bone
How do male and female sex hormones contribute to bone homeostasis?
They only affect bone growth during childhood
They regulate bone remodeling and density throughout life
They have no effect on bone tissue
They only stimulate osteoclasts
What is the primary function of the process of hematopoiesis in bone marrow?
To store fat
To produce blood cells
To resorb bone matrix
To deposit calcium
Which of the following best explains why calcitonin and parathyroid hormone have opposite effects on bone?
Calcitonin stimulates bone resorption, while parathyroid hormone stimulates bone formation
Calcitonin stimulates osteoblasts to deposit calcium, while parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium
Both hormones stimulate bone formation
Both hormones stimulate bone resorption
During endochondral ossification, what happens to the cartilage template?
It is converted directly into bone tissue
It is replaced by bone tissue as osteoblasts lay down new bone
It remains as cartilage throughout life
It becomes compact bone only
Why is vitamin D essential for bone health?
It increases the absorption of dietary calcium
It stimulates osteoclast activity
It decreases bone density
It inhibits bone growth
What is the main consequence if the epiphyseal plate closes prematurely in a growing child?
The child will grow taller than average
The child’s bones will stop lengthening
The child will develop osteoporosis
The child’s bones will become brittle
A patient has a bone fracture. Which sequence correctly describes the stages of bone repair?
Soft callus formation → Hematoma formation → Hard callus formation → Restoration of compact bone
Hematoma formation → Soft callus formation → Hard callus formation → Restoration of compact bone
Hard callus formation → Hematoma formation → Soft callus formation → Restoration of compact bone
Hematoma formation → Hard callus formation → Soft callus formation → Restoration of compact bone
A 55-year-old woman is diagnosed with osteoporosis shortly after menopause. Which physiological change most likely contributed to her condition?
Increased testosterone levels
Decreased estrogen levels
Increased calcitonin secretion
Increased vitamin D production
If a person’s parathyroid glands are overactive, what would you expect to happen to their blood calcium levels and bone density?
Blood calcium decreases, bone density increases
Blood calcium increases, bone density decreases
Both blood calcium and bone density increase
Both blood calcium and bone density decrease
A child is diagnosed with rickets, a disease caused by vitamin D deficiency. Which process is most directly impaired in this condition?
Bone resorption by osteoclasts
Calcium absorption from the diet
Hematopoiesis in bone marrow
Formation of the epiphyseal plate
After a bone fracture, why is it important to avoid excessive physical stress before hard callus formation is complete?
It can stimulate bone growth too early
It may disrupt the soft callus and delay healing
It increases blood flow to the area
It accelerates hematopoiesis
A patient has low blood calcium levels. Which hormone would be secreted to correct this imbalance, and what effect would it have on bone?
Calcitonin; stimulates osteoblasts to deposit calcium in bone
Parathyroid hormone; stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium from bone
Estrogen; increases bone density
Testosterone; stimulates bone growth
A young athlete breaks his leg. After the hard callus has formed, what is the best course of action to promote bone healing?
Complete immobilization until full healing
Gradual application of physical stress to stimulate bone remodeling
Immediate return to full activity
Avoid all movement permanently
If osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity over time, what is the likely outcome for bone tissue?
Increased bone mass
Decreased bone mass
No change in bone mass
Increased cartilage formation
A patient with chronic kidney disease has difficulty activating vitamin D. What effect might this have on their bones?
Increased bone density due to more calcium absorption
Decreased bone density due to less calcium absorption
No effect on bone density
Increased osteoblast activity
A genetic mutation causes the epiphyseal plates in a child’s long bones to close early. What long-term effect would this have on the child’s skeletal development?
The child would have abnormally long bones
The child would have shorter than average bones
The child would have increased bone density
The child would have more flexible bones
Match the following
Maintain healthy bone by responding to stimuli
Osteocytes
Build or construct new bone by calcifying it
Osteoblasts
Critical in bone regeneration or remodeling, absorb bone tissue where it is not needed
Osteoclasts
When blood is low in calcium (Ca+2), (a) hormone stimulates (b) to break down bone tissue, releasing calcium salts from the extracellular matrix into the blood. Very high blood calcium inhibits osteoclast activity, and (c) , a hormone produced by the (d) gland, stimulates (e) to form or build bone tissue, storing excess calcium in the extracellular matrix. This response is especially important in the developing bone matrix of children.
A process when a cartilage gradually changes into bone tissue is called
osseus
ossification
resorption
bone modification
