A liver biopsy shows fatty change from long-term alcohol use. What type of cell injury is this?

A lymph node biopsy shows shrunken eosinophilic cells with fragmented nuclei (apoptotic bodies). What process is seen?

Tuberculosis lesion shows cheese-like material. What type of necrosis?

Brain infarction produces soft, liquefied tissue. What necrosis is this?

A patient with chronic hypertension shows increased left ventricular wall thickness. What adaptation is this?

A smoker’s bronchi show replacement of columnar epithelium with squamous epithelium. What adaptation?

Cells show increased eosinophilia and membrane rupture after ischemia. What process?

Atherosclerotic plaque rupture shows deposits of calcium around dead cells. What is this?

Hyperparathyroidism leads to calcium deposition in normal tissues. This is:

Muscle wasting after limb immobilization is:

A thyroid gland shows increased cell number due to elevated TSH. This is:

Pancreatitis shows chalky white deposits in fat tissue. Which necrosis?

Immune-mediated vasculitis shows bright pink necrotic vessel walls. What necrosis?

A diabetic foot turns black and dry. What is this?

A patient’s colon becomes swollen and dark after bacterial infection in dead tissue. This is:

Cells show DNA fragmentation but intact membranes. This describes:

A brain infarct shows cystic space formation. What process explains this?

A patient taking chronic steroids shows smaller adrenal cortex. This is:

A biopsy shows early reversible injury. Which finding is typical?

A cut shows redness and warmth. These are caused by:

A pus-filled abscess mainly contains:

Chronic inflammation of the lung shows clusters of macrophages. What describes this pattern?

A patient with asthma shows eosinophils in sputum. This is linked to:

Adhesion of leukocytes to endothelium is mediated by:

Edema in acute inflammation results from:

A biopsy shows multinucleated giant cells. This is typical of:

A wound shows fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition. This is the stage of:

An allergic reaction releases histamine. Which effect is caused?

Formation of pus suggests:

A wound becomes swollen due to leaking plasma proteins. What mechanism?

Chronic inflammation shows mainly:

A granuloma forms around TB bacteria. What cell dominates?

Chemotaxis primarily involves:

Fever in inflammation happens due to:

Chronic inflammation causes tissue destruction due to:

A patient has a viral infection. Which WBC is increased?

A wound shows blood vessel sprouting. This process is:

Hypertension damages endothelial cells leading to chronic inflammation. Which molecule increases adhesion?

A patient with rheumatoid arthritis shows thick inflamed synovium. This is:

A patient with right-sided heart failure develops leg swelling. What causes this edema?

A nephrotic syndrome patient shows low albumin and body swelling. Select right mechanism?

A woman has pinpoint red skin spots after platelet count drops. Select right diagnosis?

Trauma leads to a large blue-purple skin patch. This is:

A patient has liver cirrhosis with abdominal fluid. Mechanism?

A deep vein thrombosis forms due to stasis. This relates to:

A septic patient develops warm skin and low blood pressure. Which shock?

A patient with massive blood loss becomes pale with rapid pulse. What shock?

A heart attack causes pump failure and hypotension. Which shock?

A patient on warfarin develops spontaneous bruises. Reason?

A man with DIC shows widespread microthrombi. What is the major danger?

A woman develops swelling due to lymphatic obstruction from tumor. This edema results from:

A patient in shock has cold, clammy skin. This suggests:

A child has bleeding under the skin in patches 3–10 mm. This is:

A lung shows blood-filled alveoli after heart failure. What is this?

Atherosclerosis leads to vessel narrowing and tissue ischemia. What complication may follow?

A patient with hypertension develops microaneurysms in vessels. What type of hemorrhage may occur?

A cancer patient develops thrombosis due to tissue factor release. Mechanism?

A patient with anaphylaxis becomes hypotensive. What shock?

A patient’s leg shows pitting edema. What substance accumulates?

Chronic liver disease reduces albumin production. This causes:

A person with long flight immobility develops DVT. What part of Virchow’s triad?

A patient with bacterial meningitis develops petechiae. Cause?

A child with vitamin C deficiency has gum bleeding. Mechanism?

A patient with pulmonary embolism shows sudden dyspnea. Source is usually:

A man has a red, swollen limb after venous thrombosis. What causes the redness?

A teenage girl with nosebleeds and heavy menses has normal platelets but prolonged PTT. This suggests:

An elderly patient collapses with low blood pressure after myocardial infarction. Likely outcome of shock?

A man has pink frothy sputum after left-sided heart failure. This is:

A patient with splenomegaly has low platelets and widespread small bleeding spots. This is: