a Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy—especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.

the agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights, thus creating an organized society or government.

extended the rights of "commoners" to have a voice in the government.

colonists had to pay a tax to have an official stamp put on wills, deeds, newspapers, and other printed material.

one of the three social classes in France before the French Revolution—the First Estate consisting of the clergy; the Second Estate, of the nobility; and the Third Estate, of the rest of the population.

middle class were bankers, factory owners, merchants, professionals, and skilled artisans.

a family’s payment of one-tenth of its income to a church.

King of France from 1774 to 1792; his unpopular policies helped trigger the French Revolution. Deposed by the National Convention, he was executed by guillotine.

Queen of France, wife of King Louis XVI; she was queen during the French Revolution and disliked by many French citizens. She was found guilty of treason and guillotined.

an assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France to approve this new tax.

a French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people.

a pledge made by the members of France’s National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution.

a Paris prison.

a revolution is a rapid, fundamental transformation of a society's class, state, ethnic or religious structures.

a statement of the reasons for the American colonies’ break with Britain, approved by the Second Continental Congress in 1776.

deliberately created a weak national government. There were no executive or judicial branches. Instead, the Articles established only one body of government, the Congress.

is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity, and commonly determines how that entity is to be governed.

a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and a number of individual states.

a direct vote in which a country’s people have the opportunity to approve or reject a proposal

the growth of cities and the migration of people into them.

a room or a set of rooms forming a separate residence within a house or block of apartments.

a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople, and wealthy farmers.

or refuse to work.

spoke for all the workers in a particular trade.

German journalist introduced the world to a radical type of socialism called Marxism.

people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility, or usefulness.

a professor at the University of Glasgow, Scotland, defended the idea of a free economy, or free markets, in his 1776 book The Wealth of Nations.

refers to the economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference. This policy favors a free market unregulated by the government.

consisted of government employees, doctors, lawyers, and managers of factories, mines, and shops.

included factory overseers and such skilled workers as toolmakers, mechanical drafters, and printers.

the system of manufacturing large numbers of identical items.

are identical machine-made parts. They made production and repair of factory-made goods more efficient.

the product moves from worker to worker, as each person performs a step in the manufacturing process.

Having different workers do different tasks.

is an economic concept that refers to separating tasks. When people in a factory or company specialize, they work at one kind of job and learn to do it well.

is one in which people rely on one another for the resources, goods, and services they need.

certain rights of ownership.

a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts.

work, especially hard physical work.

movement of people to a new area or country in order to find work or better living conditions.

in, relating to, or characteristic of the countryside rather than the town.

a large building in which machinery is used to manufacture goods.

a type of cloth or woven fabric.

the resources—including land, labor, and capital—that are needed to produce goods and services.

the development of industries for the machine production of goods.

a business or manufacturing activity carried on in a person's home.

the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land.

one of the fenced-in or hedged-in fields created by wealthy British landowners on land that was formerly worked by village farmers.

the shift, beginning in England during the 18th century, from making goods by hand to making them by machine.

the period, from mid-1793 to mid-1794, when Maximilien Robespierre ruled France nearly as a dictator and thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens were executed.

a government-run public school in France

a formal agreement—especially one between the pope and a government, dealing with the control of Church affairs.

a sudden seizure of political power in a nation.

general; Emperor of France; he seized power in a coup d’état in 1799; he led French armies in conquering much of Europe, placing his relatives in positions of power. Defeated at the Battle of Waterloo, he was exiled on the island of Elba.

a comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon.

Leading figure of the French Revolution; he was known for his intense dedication to the Revolution. He became increasingly radical and led the National Convention during its most bloodthirsty time.

a French congress with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war, established by the Constitution of 1791.

Reflecting the influence of the Declaration of Independence, the document stated that “men are born and remain free and equal in rights.” These rights included “liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.”

the right to vote in political elections.

member of a radical political organization during the French Revolution.

The Palace of Versailles is a former royal residence commissioned by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, about 18 kilometres west of the city centre of Paris

a wave of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside after the storming of the Bastille in 1789.

a machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution.

seven British soldiers fired into a crowd of volatile Bostonians, killing five, wounding another six, and angering an entire colony

a formal summary of the rights and liberties believed essential for the people.

guaranteed free elections and rights for citizens accused of crime.

Who Influenced the American Colonist?

government by popular consent, and the right to rebel against unjust rulers helped inspire struggles for liberty in Europe and the Americas.

banned from the church

a belief held by many scientists and philosophers during the Enlightenment that God created the universe and then allowed it to run on its own following natural laws.

English mathematician and natural philosopher; he discovered the law of gravity as well as laws on the physics of objects.

Polish astronomer and mathematician who is often called the father of modern astronomy

the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun.

a student of Tycho Brahe discovered that the planets orbited the sun in elliptical orbits and not perfect circles.

Italian astronomer, mathematician, and physicist; he discovered the law of motion of falling objects and invented the first working telescope; his discoveries put him into conflict with the Roman Catholic Church.

Believed humans were naturally selfish and wicked. Without governments to keep order, Hobbes said, there would be “war . . . of every man against every man,” and life would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”

He believed that people could learn from experience and improve themselves. As reasonable beings, they had the natural ability to govern their own affairs and to look after the welfare of society.

in the Middle Ages, the earth-centered view of the universe in which scholars believed that the earth was an immovable object located at the center of the universe.

a major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

monarch/president

parliament/congress

court of law/supreme court

in feudal Europe, a person who controlled land and could therefore grant estates to vassals.

form of government in which a country is ruled by religious leaders.

a king or queen who has unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of society.

a 16th-century movement for religious reform, leading to the founding of Christian churches that rejected the pope’s authority.