WorksheetsS.E.M CHAP 2
Total questions: 110
Worksheet time: 55mins
Which set best represents the core constraints that a project must consider?
Hardware, software, networks, data
Ideas, morale, culture, ethics
Quality, marketing, sales, HR
Performance, cost, time, scope
Which statement most accurately defines a project in software management?
A multitask job done once with defined constraints
A single small task with flexible resources
A brainstorming session without formal plans
An ongoing operation repeated with no end date
A manager plans work that has a clear start and finish, a fixed budget, and a defined scope. What is the best classification?
It is a routine task with variable ends
It is a program of indefinite duration
It is an operation without boundaries
It is a project with bounded parameters
A team proposes to extend work indefinitely to add features after delivery. Which constraint is primarily violated?
Cost constraint only
Performance constraint only
Scope constraint remains unchanged
Time constraint and defined end date
Which statement best defines project management in an IT context?
Buying hardware to increase team productivity
Writing code for all software features alone
Applying knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques
Following a fixed plan without any changes
Which sequence lists core project management process groups in the correct order?
Initiating, executing, planning, closing, monitoring and controlling
Executing, planning, initiating, closing, monitoring and controlling
Planning, initiating, executing, closing, monitoring and controlling
Initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, closing
Who is primarily responsible for accomplishing project objectives?
Technical writer
Finance officer
Product customer
Project manager
What is the main responsibility of a project manager working with the team?
Eliminating all risks before project start
Determining appropriate processes and their degree
Completing every technical task personally
Selecting tools based only on lowest cost
Which activity is part of managing a project?
Identifying requirements and clear objectives
Building the product without specifications
Freezing the plan after initial approval
Skipping stakeholder expectations entirely
Project managers often refer to a triple constraint. Which set correctly names it?
Quality, people, and tools
Scope, time, and cost
Risk, budget, and resources
Schedule, quality, and morale
A stakeholder demands extra features late in development without changing time or cost. Which constraint is most directly affected first?
Scope
Risk
Quality
Time
A project is behind schedule but must still meet the same scope. Which is a plausible managerial response within the triple constraint?
Increase cost to add resources
Ignore time and keep current plan
Reduce scope without customer input
Delay closing without addressing causes
Which statement best defines Project Scope Management?
Processes for maximizing team size and budget use
Processes ensuring all required work is completed only
Methods to select vendors for procurement contracts
Techniques to monitor only schedule performance
What is the primary purpose of Scope Planning?
Sequence tasks to optimize critical path duration
Estimate costs for each project activity precisely
Recruit resources to cover specialized roles
Define and manage scope to influence success
Product scope is best described as
The staffing plan for project human resources
All organizational policies affecting the project
Features and functions of the product result
The network diagram of task dependencies
Project scope primarily refers to
Standards used for assuring product quality
Work needed to deliver specified outputs
Expected market share for the final product
Risks that might affect organizational strategy
Which deliverable is typically created during Scope Definition?
Detailed project scope statement document
Procurement contract terms and conditions
Comprehensive earned value baseline charts
Risk response plans for technical issues
During Scope Verification, the key outcome is
Adjustment of the schedule to remove slack time
Identification of new stakeholders and sponsors
Creation of the detailed WBS dictionary entries
Formal acceptance of completed deliverables
Which activity belongs to Scope Control?
Training users on operational procedures
Negotiating prices with external suppliers
Inspecting code modules for defect density
Influencing factors that create scope changes
Which statement correctly contrasts scope verification and quality control?
Verification builds schedules; quality sequences tasks
Verification assigns resources; quality hires contractors
Verification accepts deliverables; quality checks requirements
Verification measures cost variance; quality fixes budgets
A project is terminated early. What should Scope Verification establish?
Elimination of all remaining project risks
Revised procurement strategy for vendors
Documented level and extent of completion
Immediate reallocation of all team members
Which factor balance is emphasized during Scope Planning?
Tools, data sources, methods, processes, procedures
Office space, travel budgets, benefits, cafeteria quality
Programming languages, IDE brands, keyboard layouts
Marketing channels, pricing tiers, promotional calendars
Which statement illustrates a common misconception about product versus project scope?
Project scope equals the work to deliver the product
Product scope equals the features and functions delivered
Product scope and project scope are identical concepts
Both scopes require planning, definition, and control
When more information becomes known during planning, scope should be
Defined and described with greater specificity
Frozen permanently to prevent any modifications
Expanded to include desirable stretch objectives
Shifted from product features to team structure
Which statement best defines Project Time Management in software projects?
Ensuring product quality through testing standards
Focusing on the timely completion of the project
Coordinating scope changes and stakeholder approvals
Managing procurement contracts and vendor selection
What is the primary purpose of Activity Definition in a project schedule?
Controlling baselines after execution
Sequencing tasks according to dependencies
Identifying the specific schedule activities
Estimating durations for work packages
During Activity Sequencing, a project manager mainly aims to:
Approve change requests formally
Assign people to each activity
Calculate total project budget
Document dependencies among activities
Activity Resource Estimating is best described as:
Mapping critical path float values
Determining who approves resource usage
Balancing risks with quality standards
Estimating types and quantities of resources
Schedule Development typically involves which combined analysis?
Stakeholder power and communication plans
Risk registers and defect logs
Activity sequences, durations, resources, constraints
Scope baselines and procurement statements
Which process focuses on controlling changes to the project schedule after it is baselined?
Quality Control
Scope Control
Schedule Control
Cost Control
A task list is complete, dependencies are mapped, and resource needs are estimated. What should the project manager do next to build a realistic timeline?
Start executing highest-priority tasks
Develop the schedule using the inputs
Request additional funding first
Freeze the baseline immediately
Which statement best defines a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)?
A network-based sequencing of dependent project activities
A time-phased allocation of project resource hours
A budget-oriented categorization of cost accounts
A deliverable-oriented hierarchical decomposition of project work
What is the primary purpose of a WBS in project management?
Organize and define the total scope of the project
Detail the critical path and slack for activities
List every possible risk and mitigation plan
Assign team roles and communication channels
At each descending level of a WBS, what increases?
Detail of the project work definition
Uncertainty about deliverable ownership
Calendar duration of each activity
Estimated budget for each component
What are the lowest-level components in a WBS commonly called?
Work packages
Milestone gates
Activity nodes
Control accounts
In the example WBS for a garage build, which option correctly orders levels from top to lower detail?
Build Garage Project → Design → Drawings → Interior
Design → Build Garage Project → City → Permits
Construction → Electrical → Build Garage Project → HVAC
Build Garage Project → Permits → City → Meetings
Which statement explains why work packages are useful for control?
They can be scheduled, cost estimated, monitored, and controlled
They ensure the project finishes faster than planned
They are always completed by a single individual resource
They eliminate the need for any risk analysis or change control
Which statement best describes the primary purpose of PERT and CPM in project management?
Document stakeholder communication preferences
Manage team performance and human conflicts
Estimate project budgets using cost baselines
Model activities and sequences to schedule projects
In a project network, what do arcs represent?
Risks linked to critical activities
Milestones that mark completion events
Individual jobs or activities within the project
Resource pools assigned to tasks
What is indicated by the direction on an arc in a project network?
The budget variance for the work
The risk impact rating for the task
The resource capacity for the activity
The required job sequence between activities
A project manager wants to foresee potential delays and plan ahead. Which technique directly supports this goal?
Holding daily stand-ups with the entire team
Contracting external auditors for compliance checks
Using PERT and CPM to build a project network
Purchasing additional hardware early in the project
Which statement about nodes in a project network is correct?
Nodes show the duration distribution for each activity
Nodes mark points in time when one or more jobs finish
Nodes represent cost centers that fund each task
Nodes store documents for configuration control
Activity A must finish before Activity B can start. How is this precedence captured in a project network?
A node placed between A and B labeled resource
Two parallel arcs drawn between A and B without direction
An arc directed from the node after A to the node before B
A bidirectional arc indicating simultaneous execution
In a project network, the critical path is defined as the path that has which characteristic?
Smallest total duration across paths
Longest total duration across paths
Greatest number of dummy activities
Fewest nodes from start to finish
What is the purpose of a dummy job (dummy activity) in a project network diagram?
To shorten the longest project path
To allocate unused team resources
To avoid ambiguity in job sequencing
To add buffer time between tasks
What is the usual completion time assigned to a dummy job in PERT/CPM?
Always zero duration
Exactly one day duration
Same as average duration
Equal to predecessor duration
Jobs A, B, C, D, and E have durations 3, 1, 4, 2, and 5 days respectively. Which sequence is a feasible path from start to finish given that A precedes C and D, B precedes D, and C and D precede E?
Start→A→C→E→Finish
Start→B→C→E→Finish
Start→A→D→C→E→Finish
Start→B→D→E→Finish
In earliest event time analysis, the earliest time of node j (Uj) is best described as:
Slack time available at node j
Average time event j may occur
Earliest time event j can occur
Latest time event j can begin
Given U1 = 0 and t12 = 3, what is U2 in the example network?
U2 equals one day
U2 equals three days
U2 equals five days
U2 equals four days
For node 3 in the example, U3 is computed as max(U2 + t23, U1 + t13). If U2 + t23 = 3 and U1 + t13 = 1, what is U3?
U3 equals one day
U3 equals three days
U3 equals four days
U3 equals five days
Using U4 = max(U2 + t24, U3 + t34) with values 7 and 5 respectively, what is U4?
U4 equals five days
U4 equals seven days
U4 equals ten days
U4 equals twelve days
If U4 = 7 and t45 = 5, what is U5 and what project measure does it represent?
U5 = 7, earliest start of project
U5 = 10, maximum slack available
U5 = 5, earliest finish of E only
U5 = 12, minimum project duration
Three possible paths from start to finish have total durations 12 days, 10 days, and 8 days. Which path determines the project’s critical path and why?
None, because durations are inconsistent
The 12-day path, as it is the longest path
The 10-day path, as it is average length
The 8-day path, as it finishes earliest
In PERT, which trio best represents the three time estimates gathered for each activity?
Average, modal, extreme
Optimistic, most likely, pessimistic
Shortest, average, longest
Nominal, typical, worst case
Which statement best describes the purpose of PERT in project scheduling?
Compute costs for resources with high precision
Estimate probabilities when activity times are uncertain
Replace critical path with deterministic durations
Eliminate risk by fixing optimistic assumptions
Given an activity with optimistic time to = 3 days, most likely time tm = 5 days, and pessimistic time tp = 9 days, what is the expected time te using the PERT formula?
(3 + 5 + 9) ÷ 3 = 5.7 days
(9 + 4×5 + 3) ÷ 6 = 5.8 days
(3 + 4×9 + 5) ÷ 6 = 7.3 days
(3 + 4×5 + 9) ÷ 6 = 5.3 days
Which formula correctly computes the variance V of a PERT activity time?
V = (tp − tm) ÷ 6
V = (to + 4tm + tp) ÷ 6
V = (to − tm)² ÷ 6
V = ((tp − to) ÷ 6)²
A task has to = 2, tm = 3, tp = 14 (days). Which statement is the best interpretation of the large variance this implies?
There is high uncertainty in the task duration
The task will definitely finish within five days
The most likely time outweighs all uncertainty
The optimistic time is a reliable single estimate
Which label pairing is correct for PERT notations used on the slides?
to = optimistic time, tm = most likely time, tp = pessimistic time
tp = optimistic time, tm = average time, to = pessimistic time
tm = optimistic time, tp = most likely time, to = deterministic time
to = typical time, tm = pessimistic time, tp = optimistic time
Two tasks A and B both have te = 6 days. Task A has tp − to = 12; Task B has tp − to = 6. Which choice identifies the higher scheduling risk and why?
Task A, because larger spread increases variance
Task B, because equal te reduces accuracy
Task B, because to dominates the expectation
Task A, because smaller spread lowers confidence
In PERT, the expected time te for an activity with optimistic (to), most likely (tm), and pessimistic (tp) estimates is computed using which formula?
(to + tm + 2tp) ÷ 4
(2to + 3tm + tp) ÷ 6
(to + tm + tp) ÷ 3
(to + 4tm + tp) ÷ 6
(to + 2tm + tp) ÷ 4
For an activity with to = 6 days, tm = 9 days, and tp = 12 days, what is the expected time te using the PERT formula?
11 days
10 days
9 days
8 days
7 days
Which PERT expression correctly gives the variance of an activity’s duration from its three estimates?
((tp − tm) ÷ 3)²
((tp − tm) ÷ 6)²
((tp − to) ÷ 3)²
((tp − to) ÷ 6)²
((tm − to) ÷ 6)²
Given to = 2 days, tm = 5 days, and tp = 14 days for an activity, which statement is most accurate about its variability under PERT?
Variance is medium because tm dominates weighting
Variance is undefined without crash duration
Variance is zero because tm is the midpoint
Variance is small because tm is near to
Variance is large because tp is far from to
A project’s critical path in PERT is best described as which of the following?
Path with the greatest expected total duration
Path with the fewest activities in sequence
Path with the highest average variance overall
Path with the smallest expected total duration
Path with maximum slack among all network paths
Which statement best defines Earliest Start Time (EST) for an activity in a PERT network?
Average of optimistic and pessimistic activity start times
Latest time an activity can begin without delaying project
Earliest time an activity can begin considering predecessors
Estimated midpoint of the activity’s planned execution window
In a forward pass through a project network, what is primarily determined for each activity?
The latest permissible start and finish times
The critical path slack distribution values
The variance of each activity’s duration
The earliest feasible start and finish times
Which formula correctly calculates Earliest Finish Time (EFT)?
EFT = EST + duration
EFT = LST + duration
EFT = LFT − duration
EFT = EST − duration
Latest Start Time (LST) is computed during which type of pass and why?
Monte Carlo pass to model risk scenarios
Simultaneous pass to minimize resource peaks
Forward pass to propagate earliest times
Backward pass to honor deadline constraints
Which expression gives Latest Finish Time (LFT) when activity duration is known?
LFT = LST + duration
LFT = EST + duration
LFT = EFT − duration
LFT = LST − duration
Total Float (TF) for an activity is defined as the amount of time it can be delayed without:
Delaying the project’s completion date
Increasing its optimistic duration estimate
Changing resource assignment matrices
Modifying predecessor relationships entirely
Which formula matches the Total Float definition provided?
TF = Duration − EST
TF = EFT − EST
TF = LFT − EFT
TF = LST − EST
An activity has EST = 0 and duration = 9. What is its EFT?
18 time units
9 time units
0 time units
4 time units
Given an activity with LFT = 9 and duration = 9, what is its LST?
0 time units
9 time units
4 time units
18 time units
If an activity has EST = 0 and LST = 4, what is its Total Float?
5 time units
9 time units
0 time units
4 time units
A noncritical activity shows TF = 15 in the table. Which interpretation is most accurate?
It indicates 15 units of free float, not total
It may start up to 15 units late without impact
It must start exactly at time 15 to avoid delay
It will reduce project duration by 15 units
Why do critical path activities typically have zero Total Float in PERT scheduling?
Any delay directly shifts the project finish
Their durations are always fixed by law
They have the shortest expected durations
They are calculated only during the forward pass
In PERT, which formula computes a project’s Z-score for a target completion time t?
Z = (t − tcp) / σ
Z = (tcp − t) × σ
Z = (t + tcp) / σ
Z = (t − σ) / tcp
A project has target time t = 26 days, critical path mean tcp = 24 days, and standard deviation σ = 2.6034 days. What is the Z-score (rounded to four decimals)?
0.8260
0.6768
1.2603
0.7682
After finding Z = 0.7682, you look up Z = 0.76 and Z = 0.77 in the normal table with ψ(z) values 0.7764 and 0.7794. What probability is obtained by linear interpolation to Z = 0.768?
0.7794
0.7779
0.7764
0.7786
What does ψ(z) from the Z-table represent in this PERT context?
Complement probability beyond Z
Cumulative probability up to Z
Probability density at Z
Two-tailed probability of Z
If ψ(z) = 0.7779 for a target time, what is the probability (in percent) of completing the project by that time?
77.8%
22.1%
88.9%
55.6%
Which step correctly describes using the Z-table to estimate completion probability when Z is between tabulated values?
Average or interpolate adjacent ψ(z)
Choose the larger ψ(z) only
Ignore ψ(z) and use σ directly
Use the nearest lower ψ(z) only
Which statement best defines risk management in software projects?
A systematic process to identify, assess, and mitigate risks
A budgeting method to reduce overall project costs
A casual review of past issues after project closure
An ad‑hoc list of problems without prioritization
What is the primary goal of risk identification?
List events that could adversely impact objectives
Assign probabilities to each known risk
Execute actions to reduce the likelihood of risks
Report risks to external stakeholders only
Which pair correctly classifies risk sources?
Internal: employee turnover; External: regulatory changes
Internal: natural disasters; External: operational issues
Internal: economic downturns; External: team conflicts
Internal: market collapse; External: financial misreporting
During risk assessment, what activity is essential?
Assign probability and impact ratings to risks
Solicit insurance quotes for every risk
Draft final mitigation plans for all risks
Archive all identified risks for future audits
Which option best describes risk mitigation?
Monitor risks without taking any corrective action
Develop strategies to reduce likelihood or impact
Document risks without prioritizing them
Measure residual risk after acceptance only
Which is NOT a typical risk mitigation strategy?
Risk amplification to test system limits
Risk transfer using insurance coverage
Risk reduction via additional controls
Risk avoidance through changing scope
Why is risk monitoring and control necessary throughout a project?
To ensure strategies remain effective and new risks are addressed
To eliminate the need for periodic assessments
To finalize documentation before project kickoff
To guarantee zero risks will ever materialize
Which practice best supports ongoing risk monitoring?
Communication only with senior management
Mitigation only after project completion
One‑time analysis during initiation
Regular assessments and plan adjustments
Effective risk communication primarily ensures that
Stakeholders are informed about risks and responses
Legal teams manage all risk messages alone
Only developers are briefed on internal defects
Information is hidden to avoid public concern
Which group should be considered in risk communication efforts?
End users after product release
Only project managers and the sponsor
Employees, investors, regulators, and the public
Third‑party insurers exclusively
What is a key purpose of risk documentation?
Guarantee compliance without any assessments
Provide a clear record for future reference or audits
Replace the need for active monitoring and control
Store data that must never be revisited
A project team rates a risk as high probability and high impact, then chooses insurance to offset financial loss. Which sequence of steps is illustrated?
Communication, acceptance, and archival
Identification, assessment, and transfer mitigation
Monitoring, communication, and documentation
Assessment, avoidance, and evaluation
Which statement best defines risk categories in an organization?
Groupings used to organize different risk types
A list of mandatory controls for all risks
A sequence of steps to eliminate all risks
A budget template for financial risk only
Which risk type is primarily linked to long‑term goals and competitive positioning?
Legal risks about disputes
Financial risks about liquidity
Operational risks about processes
Strategic risks related to direction
A sudden shift in customer preferences most directly fits which category?
Strategic risks about market shifts
Operational risks about equipment
Legal risks about contracts
Compliance risks about standards
Which example aligns BEST with operational risk?
Carbon tax increase announced
Patent infringement lawsuit filed
System outage disrupting daily work
Share price decline from rumors
Operational risks typically include issues with processes, technology, supply chain, and what else?
Human resources and compliance
Investor relations only
Only marketing and sales
External lobbying efforts
Currency fluctuations, credit risk, and liquidity risk are grouped under which category?
Reputational risks affecting image
Strategic risks affecting vision
Financial risks affecting stability
Operational risks affecting tasks
Failure to meet laws and industry standards primarily creates which risk?
Compliance and regulatory risks
Project execution schedule risks
Environmental sustainability risks
Human resources workforce risks
Negative media coverage after an ethical misconduct incident is best classified as what?
Legal risk enforcing contracts
Reputational risk harming image
Financial risk reducing cash
Operational risk slowing work
Which item is most associated with environmental and sustainability risks?
Team stand‑up meeting delays
New sales commission plan
Software license renewal terms
Carbon emissions policy changes
High employee turnover and succession gaps are primarily what type of risk?
Human resources workforce risks
Environmental climate change risks
Financial market volatility risks
Compliance regulatory penalty risks
Intellectual property issues and contractual obligations fall under which category?
Legal risks involving disputes
Project risks involving scope
Strategic risks involving goals
Operational risks involving systems
Cost overruns, scope changes, and resource constraints are examples of which risk category?
Project risks affecting delivery
Compliance risks affecting audits
Reputational risks affecting brand
Financial risks affecting liquidity
Which benefit is a primary purpose of categorizing risks?
Improves understanding and assessment
Eliminates all uncertainties permanently
Transfers every risk to insurers
Guarantees immediate profit growth
An equipment failure causing production delays would MOST likely be categorized as what?
Legal risk within obligations
Strategic risk within direction
Operational risk within processes
Reputational risk within image
Protecting brand image to support long‑term success primarily addresses which risk area?
Environmental risks and emissions
Operational risks and workflows
Financial risks and liquidity
Reputational risks and perception
