WorksheetsImmunology class one-Worksheet (Quiz next week)
Total questions: 35
Worksheet time: 18mins
Define the following: Immunity. Fill in the blank: Immunity is _________
the state of being resistant to a specific disease
the process of disease transmission
the ability to cause infection
the method of treating illness
Define the following: Antigen. Fill in the blank: Antigen is _________.
Any small molecule that triggers an antibody response
A type of white blood cell
A protein that destroys pathogens
A chemical that neutralizes acids
Define the following: Antibody. Fill in the blank: Antibody is _________.
large disease fighting protein produced by specialized WBC’s in response to the presence of a specific antigen
a type of carbohydrate found in cell walls
a hormone that regulates blood sugar
a mineral essential for bone health
Define the following: Pathogen. Fill in the blank: A pathogen is _________.
A harmful organism that can cause a disease to its host. (virus, bacteria etc.)
A type of cell that helps in digestion.
A harmless organism found in water.
A chemical used to clean surfaces.
Define the following: Immunization. Fill in the blank: Immunization is _________.
the process by which an individual’s immune system becomes fortified against an agent
the process of breaking down food in the stomach
the method of transmitting electrical signals in nerves
the act of removing toxins from the body
Identify the following pathogens: Bacteria. Fill in the blank: Bacteria are _________.
Single cell/lack a nucleus
Multicellular organisms with a nucleus
Viruses with no cellular structure
Fungi with complex organelles
Identify the following pathogens: Virus. Fill in the blank: Virus _________.
Cannot replicate on their own/highjack host cells
Can survive without any host
Are always beneficial to humans
Can reproduce independently
Identify the following pathogens: Parasite. Fill in the blank: Parasite _________.
are sometimes visible in feces or vomit
are always found in the bloodstream
cannot survive outside the human body
are only transmitted through air
Name the 2 main branches of the immune system. Fill in the blank: The two main branches of the immune system are ________ and ________.
Innate and Adaptive
Cellular and Humoral
Primary and Secondary
Active and Passive
Which one is the first line of defence? Fill in the blank: The first line of defence is ________.
Innate
Adaptive
Passive
Acquired
Which one is called in as “reinforcement” for those pathogens that have gotten past the first line of defence? Fill in the blank: The reinforcement is ________.
Adaptive
Innate
Passive
Mechanical
Which one has memory? Fill in the blank: The branch of the immune system that has memory is ________.
Adaptive
Innate
Passive
Humoral
List 2 organ systems that provide a physical barrier and explain how they do so.
The integumentary and respiratory systems; they provide a physical barrier through skin and mucous membranes.
The digestive and endocrine systems; they provide a physical barrier through enzymes and hormones.
The circulatory and nervous systems; they provide a physical barrier through blood vessels and nerve cells.
The muscular and skeletal systems; they provide a physical barrier through muscles and bones.
What does it mean that the white blood cells of the Innate system are non-specific?
They attack any pathogen without targeting a specific type.
They only attack bacteria.
They remember previous infections to respond faster.
They only attack viruses.
Name the types of cells in the innate system.
Phagocytes (Neutrophils and Macrophages) and Killer cells (NK, natural killer).
B cells and T cells.
Erythrocytes and Platelets.
Plasma cells and Memory cells.
What is the major difference in the two phagocyte cells? (hint: swallowing)
Neutrophils: After swallowing something, it dies; Macrophages: After swallowing something, they keep eating
Neutrophils: They never swallow anything; Macrophages: They only observe
Neutrophils: After swallowing something, they keep eating; Macrophages: After swallowing something, it dies
Neutrophils: They produce antibodies; Macrophages: They produce antigens
Which cell of the innate system is responsible for killing abnormal host cells?
Killer (NK)
Helper T cell
B cell
Macrophage
When the innate system fails, and the host develops an infection, the Adaptive system is called in! What is the name of the system that is called in?
Adaptive system
Digestive system
Respiratory system
Nervous system
The adaptive defense system is specific, systemic and has a memory. Can fight throughout your whole body at once. Can identify who is a friend or foe via antigens. Can remember genetic codes for specific antigens and hang around in the host for many years, and can rapidly spring into action the next time the specific antigen shows up. What are the three key features of the adaptive defense system?
Specific, systemic, memory
Innate, local, temporary
General, passive, short-lived
Non-specific, isolated, forgetful
What must happen before the adaptive system can attack effectively?
It has to be introduced to a pathogen’s antigens.
It must produce antibodies immediately.
It needs to destroy all pathogens first.
It must activate the innate immune system.
How long can it take to build up the army of antibody-producing cells necessary to beat off the infection?
~a week
~a day
~a month
~a year
Name the 4 types of immunity:
Innate, Adaptive, Active, Passive
Cellular, Humoral, Natural, Artificial
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
Specific, Non-specific, Direct, Indirect
Referring to the 4 types of immunity above, which would describe the following:
Catching a disease and recovering from it: NA acquired; A newborn nursing from its mother: NA passive; Administering an IV infusion of tetanus antitoxin: Art acquired passive; Injecting a killed virus into a patient's leg: Art acquired active.
Catching a disease and recovering from it: Art acquired passive; A newborn nursing from its mother: NA acquired; Administering an IV infusion of tetanus antitoxin: NA passive; Injecting a killed virus into a patient's leg: NA acquired active.
Catching a disease and recovering from it: NA passive; A newborn nursing from its mother: Art acquired active; Administering an IV infusion of tetanus antitoxin: NA acquired; Injecting a killed virus into a patient's leg: Art acquired passive.
Catching a disease and recovering from it: Art acquired active; A newborn nursing from its mother: Art acquired passive; Administering an IV infusion of tetanus antitoxin: NA acquired passive; Injecting a killed virus into a patient's leg: NA passive.
Which of the following is NOT a type of vaccine?
Modified live
Inactivated (killed)
Recombinant
Antibiotic
Name the type: Has the whole pathogen in it but it has been killed by heat, chemicals or irradiation. Example: Rabies ________ Is a weakened version of the pathogen, Passed through several different cultures or hosts, Exposed to heat, radiation, or chemicals, Will still induce the immune response example: Parvo ________
Rabies: Killed, Parvo: ML
Rabies: ML, Parvo: Killed
Rabies: Live, Parvo: Inactivated
Rabies: Attenuated, Parvo: Killed
Which describes the following type of vaccination: ML: -Decreased occurrence of adverse reactions -Very effective -Immunity is built up faster, less boosters are needed -Decreased occurrence of adverse reactions because no adjuvants are necessary -Could possibly cause the disease in immunocompromised individual or in fetus of pregnant animal -Has a short shelf life after reconstitution
Modified live
Inactivated (killed)
Recombinant
How should vaccines be stored? (List 3 facts)
Vaccines are stored according to manufacture directions; Store in the fridge and keep away from light and freezing; Discard if fridge fails.
Vaccines can be stored at room temperature; Keep in direct sunlight; Use even if fridge fails.
Vaccines should be frozen; Store with food items; Discard only if expired.
Vaccines are stored in warm places; Keep near heat sources; Use after expiry date.
Vaccines come in 2 forms: Single or multi dose. Explain the 2 ways they may come in the bottles.
Liquid ready to go
Dehydrated and requiring a diluent
3 tips for multi dose bottle use:
Use sterile techniques to draw out proper amount of vaccine for the appointment; Discard if unused; Never put back into original vial.
Always shake the bottle vigorously before each use; Store at room temperature; Reuse needles for multiple patients.
Mix different vaccines in the same vial; Use non-sterile techniques; Return unused vaccine to the vial.
Leave the vial open between uses; Use expired vaccines; Ignore manufacturer instructions.
Should you mix or shake the dehydrated with the diluent?
Mix
Shake
3 routes of administration Sub q (most common) Where on body? _______ IM where on body? _______ IN where? _______
Under the skin; Thigh/buttock muscle; Nasal cavity
On the skin; Arm muscle; Oral cavity
Under the tongue; Calf muscle; Ear canal
In the vein; Chest muscle; Eye socket
The reason for recording where on the body the vaccine was given is:
To track possible side effects at the injection site
To remember the nurse who gave the vaccine
To check the color of the vaccine
To compare with other patients' records
Typical sites for the following vaccines: Rabies _______ Core vaccines (DA2PPV, and FVRCP) _______ Lepto (dogs) and Felv and FIV cats _______ Leukemia for cats _______
RRR; RF; LH; RF
RF; LH; RRR; LH
LH; RF; RRR; RF
RF; RRR; LH; LH
21) A Titre test is used for:
Measuring the concentration of a substance in a solution
Determining the boiling point of a liquid
Identifying the color change in a reaction
Calculating the mass of a solid sample
3 reasons that an animal may not be a candidate for vaccination?
If pet is on immunosuppressive medication for cancer; Autoimmune diseases like autoimmune hemolytic anemia; If the pet has had a known vaccine reaction
If the pet is under 6 months old; If the pet is a specific breed; If the pet is overweight
If the pet has a microchip; If the pet is neutered; If the pet is on a special diet
If the pet is vaccinated for rabies; If the pet is regularly groomed; If the pet is house-trained
