Usually vertical, you staying close or separate spaces

Considered as a wide, shallow, rectangular beam.

Used to support column or wall and transmit their load to the underlying soils.

Mixture of Portland cement or any other hydraulic cement, fine aggregate, course aggregates, and water, with or without admixtures.

Designed on the assumption that the two materials act together in resisting forces. no less than the minimum amount required, prestressed or non prestressed and designed on the assumption that the two

materials act together in resisting forces.

Concrete that does not conform to definition of reinforced concrete.

Plain or reoinforced concrete element cast elsewhere that it's final position in structure.

Lightweight concrete has an air dry unit weight not exceeding * kg/cu.m.

Heavyweight concrete weighing up to about * kn/m³

Granular materials, such as sand, gravel, crush stone, etc.

Materials retained from sieve no.4 (greater than 6mm)

Passes through sieve number no. 4 (6mm in size)

Binding agent of concrete primarily or mortar.

Use in mixing concrete shall be clean and free from injurious amount of oils, acids, alkalis, etc.

Material other than water, aggregate or cement, Use an ingredient of concrete added to the concrete before or during it's mixing.

Shall be deformed, except that plain reinforcement be permitted for spiral or tendon

Continuously wound rainforcement in the form of a cylindrical helix.

The most important in most critical tasks of an engineer is the determination of the * that can be applied to a structure during its life.

Loop of reinforcing bar or wore enclosing longitudinal reinforcement.

Reinforcement used to resist shear and torsion stresses in a structural member.

Steel element such as wire, cable, bar, rod, or strand or a bundle of such elements,

used to impart prestress to concrete.

Reinforcement that does not conform to the definition of

deformed reinforcement

Distance measured from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement.

Loads of constant magnitude that remain in one position. This consists mainly of the weight of the structure and other permanent attachments to the frame.

Move under their own power are called moving loads. Other live loads are those caused by wind, rain,

earthquakes, soils and temperature changes.

Winds and earthquake loads.

Load multiplied by appropriate load factors, used to proportion

members by the strength design method.

Ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or

compressive stresses below proportional limit.

Nominal strength multiplied by a strength reduction

factor.

Strength of a member or cross-section before application of any strength reduction factors.

Strength of a member or cross section required to resist factored loads or related internal moments and

forces in such combinations.

Is a continued deformation with time under sustained loads at unit stresses within

an accepted elastic range

Occurs when and applied force cause change in dimension to a

material.

Defined as change in dimension with respect to original

dimension, when material is stressed.

A state that it will regain its original shape or length when the body or steel is unloaded.

Is reached when a material is loaded beyond its elastic limit, or simply it will not regain its original shape

when unloaded.

The maximum stress a material can carry.

In some references it is referred to as Rupture Point, it is a

point on the stress strain curve where material fails, is

known as breaking point.

Is observed along the graph that shows stress directly followed

the strain. This means ratio of stress and strain remains constant.

Deformed and Plain Billet-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement

Low-Alloy Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement

Are forces or other actions that result from the weight of all building materials, occupants and their possessions, environmental effects, differential movements, and restrained

dimensional changes.

Is an assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads and

resist lateral forces.

Steels with carbon contents less than * are considered to be readily

weldable

Are the vertical forces applied to a structure. These loads are either in placed or moving. It is a critical task for an engineer to determine all possible loads that may affect the

structure.

Is a method of proportioning and designing structural members such that elastically computed

stresses produced in the members by nominal loads do not exceed specified allowable stress.

Is a method of proportioning and designing structural elements using loads and resistance factors such that no applicable limit state is reached when the structure is subjected to all appropriate load combination.

• - Occupancies having surgery and emergency treatment areas.

• - Garages and shelters for emergency vehicles and emergency aircraft

• - Public school buildings

• - Tanks or other structures containing housing or supporting water or other

  fire-suppression material

Private garages, carports, sheds, and fences over 1.5m high

• - Buildings with an assembly room with an occupant capacity of 1,000 or more

• - Educational buildings such as museums, libraries, auditorium with a

  capacity of 300 or more occupants

• - Churches, mosques, and other religious facilities

Member, usually vertical, used to enclose or separate spaces.

Has an air – dry unitweight not exceeding 1900 kg/ cu.m. It is

a concrete lighter in weight that ordinary sand – and – gravel concrete is used principally to

reduce dead load, or for thermal insulation, nailability or fill.

Prestressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or

through grouting.

Are live loads which are mainly acting on the structure horizontally. Typical are wind load which contacts on a structure’s facade, an earthquake, which is a shaking of the ground, and commonly acts under the ground.

Are the vertical forces applied to a structure. These

loads are either in placed or moving. It is a critical task for an

engineer to determine all possible loads that may affect the

structure.

Is a method of proportioning and designing structural members such that elastically computed stresses produced in the members by nominal loads do not exceed specified allowable stress. It is also known as

working stress design.

Is a method of proportioning and designing structural elements using loads and resistance factors such that no applicable limit state is reached when the structure is subjected to all appropriate load combination. This is mostly used in the design of steel structures.

Are forces or other actions that result from the weight of all building materials, occupants and their possessions, environmental effects, differential movements, and restrained dimensional changes.

Is an assemblage of framing members designed to

support gravity loads and resist lateral forces.

Occupancies having surgery and emergency treatment areas, Fire and police stations,

Garages and shelters for emergency, vehicles and emergency aircraft

Structures and shelters in emergency preparedness centers, Aviation control towers,

Occupancies and structures housing or

supporting toxic or explosive chemicals or

substances,

Non – building structures storing,

supporting or containing quantities of

toxic or explosive substances,

Buildings with an assembly room with an

occupant capacity of 10,000 or more,

Educational buildings such as museums,

libraries, auditorium with a capacity of 300

or more occupants,

Buildings used for college or adult

education with a capacity of 500 or more

occupants,

All structures housing occupancies or

having functions not listed in Category I,

II, or III and Category V

Private garages, carports, shed and fences

over 1.5 m high