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WorksheetsPsychology II EOY Review
Total questions: 105
Worksheet time: 53mins
Which statement best defines psychology for scientific study?
Study of brain surgery techniques only
Study of astrology and personality signs
Study of myths and cultural legends
Study of behavior and mental processes
Which feature makes psychology a science?
Use of astrology charts for prediction
Ignoring data to focus on beliefs
Reliance on personal intuition only
Systematic observation and empirical evidence
In an experiment testing sleep’s effect on test scores, which is the independent variable?
Classroom seating arrangement
Amount of sleep each night
Students’ test scores achieved
Teacher’s personality traits
Which option lists all five core steps in scientific research?
Recruit volunteers; teach content; grade tests; present graphs; celebrate
Identify question; hypothesize; design research; analyze data; conclude
Brainstorm ideas; debate opinions; vote; summarize; publish
Find funding; buy equipment; hire staff; advertise; report
Which statement about a theory is accurate in research?
Personal belief held without data
Unchanging truth without testing
Single anecdote about one person
Broad explanation based on evidence
Which sampling type aims to mirror key subgroups in a population?
Volunteer sign-up sheet
Convenience sample of friends
Random street interviews
Stratified sampling approach
Why might researchers use non-human animals in studies?
Control variables more precisely
Provide ethical alternatives for procedures
Understand biological processes
Avoid collecting any empirical evidence
What does a correlation coefficient of +0.8 indicate?
No relationship between the variables
Causal effect proven by the variables
Strong positive relationship between variables
Strong negative relationship between variables
Which statement about correlation and causation is correct?
Correlation always proves causation
Correlation does not imply causation
Zero correlation guarantees causation
Causation means variables never co-vary
Which interpretation matches a negative correlation?
Variables are identical by definition
Variables move in opposite directions
Variables move in the same direction
Variables change randomly without pattern
In population terms, what is the best definition?
Entire group researchers aim to study
Small subset chosen for convenience
Only people living in large cities
Only volunteers interested in psychology
Resting potential refers to which description of a neuron?
Electrical charge at rest
Peak action potential phase
Threshold for firing signal
Neurotransmitter release rate
Which neurotransmitter depletion is linked to Parkinson’s disease?
GABA in limbic circuits
Glutamate across cortex
Serotonin in brainstem
Dopamine in basal pathways
Which brain structure contains about 90% of neurons and coordinates movement and balance?
Cerebellum in hindbrain
Hypothalamus in forebrain
Amygdala in limbic
Wernicke’s area cortex
The hypothalamus primarily regulates which functions?
Hunger and thirst
Temperature control
Homeostasis maintenance
Language production
What is the main role of the corpus callosum?
Processes emotional memories
Regulates endocrine hormones
Connects hemispheres for communication
Controls arousal and attention
Wernicke’s area is responsible for which function?
Understanding spoken language
Initiating voluntary movement
Forming long-term memory
Regulating circadian rhythms
Reticular formation primarily controls which processes?
Hunger and satiety
Visual perception
Arousal and attention
Speech production
Which gland is often called the master gland for endocrine regulation?
Pineal gland output
Pituitary gland actions
Adrenal gland release
Thyroid gland levels
EEG is best described as which method?
Records brain waves
Measures blood glucose
Maps spinal reflexes
Images bone structures
MRI primarily provides what type of information?
Detailed structural images
Real-time hormone levels
Genetic sequence reads
Electrical impulse speed
Which hormone, produced by the pineal gland, helps regulate circadian rhythms?
Thyroxine output
Insulin production
Melatonin secretion
Cortisol release
Down syndrome is caused by which chromosomal change?
Trisomy 21 extra chromosome
Deletion on chromosome 7
Duplication of X chromosome
Translocation between autosomes
Behavioral genetics often uses monozygotic twins to do what?
Separate genetic and environmental influences
Test new psychiatric medications
Measure EEG sleep patterns
Train motor coordination skills
Nodes of Ranvier are best defined as what?
Gaps between myelin segments
Ends of dendritic branches
Bundles of axonal vesicles
Clusters of glial nuclei
Which system prepares the body for stress, such as fight or flight?
Enteric digestive system
Somatic motor system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
What is a key role of glial cells in the nervous system?
Generate action potentials
Support neurons structurally
Provide nutrients to neurons
Remove cellular waste
Dualism suggests which relationship between mind and brain?
Mind fully causes brain
They are identical processes
Brain fully causes mind
They are separate entities
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation primarily does what in the brain?
Images white matter tracts
Uses magnetic fields to stimulate cells
Measures oxygen levels in cortex
Records electrical waves during sleep
Which set best describes REM sleep characteristics?
Brain activity similar to wakefulness
Dominant delta waves
Rapid eye movement
Muscle paralysis
Sleep apnea involves which main problem during sleep?
Periodic breathing pauses during sleep
Daytime sleep attacks without warning
Frequent vivid dreams and awakenings
Sudden muscle paralysis episodes
According to evolutionary theory, the primary function of sleep is to
Protect organisms from environmental danger
Improve memory consolidation processes
Allow muscles to recover from daily strain
Regulate hormone levels for growth
Circadian rhythms are primarily controlled by the SCN located in the
Hypothalamus region of the brain
Thalamus region of the brain
Cerebellum region of the brain
Medulla region of the brain
Ultradian rhythms are best defined as biological cycles that
Occur longer than twenty-four hours
Occur shorter than twenty-four hours
Last about twenty-four hours each day
Change only with seasonal daylight
Approximately what percent of people are highly hypnotizable?
About five to eight percent
About forty to fifty percent
About ten to fifteen percent
About twenty to thirty percent
The historical origin known as mesmerism was introduced by
Ivan Pavlov in Russia
Franz Mesmer in Europe
Sigmund Freud in Austria
B. F. Skinner in America
Flow is best described as a state of
Deep sleep without conscious awareness
Calm breathing and lowered heart rate
Full immersion with diminished self-awareness
Heightened suggestibility under hypnosis
Caffeine is classified as which type of drug?
Depressant substance
Hallucinogen agent
Stimulant substance
Opioid analgesic
Tolerance develops when a person
Stops responding to any dosage given
Experiences stronger effects over time
Needs increased dosages for same effect
Needs decreased dosages for same effect
Depressants primarily reduce neural activity by enhancing which neurotransmitter?
Dopamine activity levels
Serotonin activity levels
GABA activity levels
Acetylcholine activity levels
Learning is best defined as
An instinctual response to innate stimuli
A relatively permanent change due to experience
A temporary shift in behavior after sleep
A genetic change passed through generations
Classical conditioning involves learning through
Trial-and-error with reinforcers
Association between stimuli and responses
Consequences applied after actions
Imitation of observed behaviors
Operant conditioning focuses on learning through
Rhythms within sleep stages
Associations between paired stimuli
Consequences that follow behavior
Observation of role models
Which set correctly describes reinforcement and punishment?
Reinforcement increases behavior
Punishment decreases behavior
Positive adds a stimulus
Negative removes a stimulus
Which stage of memory is responsible for briefly holding sensory information before it fades?
Long-term memory keeps information permanently
Implicit memory retains unconscious procedures
Sensory memory briefly stores incoming stimuli
Short-term memory holds recent details briefly
What is the primary function of encoding in the memory process?
Retaining information for future use
Accessing information already stored
Processing information into memory
Discarding irrelevant information
Which option best distinguishes explicit from implicit memory?
Explicit is conscious facts; implicit is unconscious skills
Explicit is skills; implicit is facts and events
Explicit is sensory; implicit is short-term details
Explicit is permanent; implicit is temporary storage
About how long does short-term memory typically hold information without rehearsal?
Roughly one minute
Approximately five seconds
About twenty seconds
Around two minutes
Which list contains common causes of forgetting?
Rehearsal, chunking, mnemonics
Decay, interference, retrieval failure
Encoding, storage, retrieval processes
Attention, arousal, motivation levels
Which brain structure is most critical for forming new memories?
Cerebellum coordinates motor movement
Hippocampus supports new memory formation
Amygdala manages emotional labeling
Hypothalamus controls body homeostasis
Which statement best connects conditioning and memory?
Learned associations rely on memory processes
Conditioning prevents interference effects
Conditioning eliminates the need for retrieval
Associations occur only in sensory memory
Which description best defines motivation?
Internal processes initiating and sustaining behavior
External forces that reward behavior
Physiological arousal without conscious appraisal
Learned habits from repeated reinforcement
Which options correctly differentiate intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
Extrinsic comes from internal satisfaction
Intrinsic depends on social pressures
Extrinsic is driven by external rewards
Intrinsic is driven by personal interest
According to arousal theory, people seek which outcome?
Eliminate all physiological arousal
Reach optimal arousal levels for tasks
Increase long-term memory capacity
Avoid external incentives and rewards
Which components together define emotion?
Behavioral expressions like facial cues
Cognitive interpretation and labeling
Physiological arousal via autonomic system
Explicit memory for facts and events
Which theory states emotion results after physiological arousal occurs first?
Cannon-Bard simultaneous arousal theory
Schachter-Singer two-factor appraisal
James-Lange sequence from arousal to feeling
Drive-reduction motivational process
What distinguishes the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?
Arousal reduces physiological needs
Emotion follows arousal as a sequence
Arousal and emotion occur simultaneously
Emotion requires cognitive labeling first
Which best summarizes the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory?
Emotion is purely behavioral expressions
Emotion occurs without physiological arousal
Emotion arises only from brain structures
Emotion equals arousal plus cognitive label
Which brain structure is most linked to fear and aggression?
Cerebral cortex controls motor reflexes
Hippocampus stores emotional labels
Amygdala processes fear responses
Hypothalamus forms new explicit memories
Which physiological responses are primarily regulated by the hypothalamus?
Autonomic bodily regulation processes
Facial expressions and body language
Cognitive labeling of feelings
Memory consolidation and retrieval
Which hormones are closely tied to the stress response?
Endorphin and dopamine spikes
Thyroxine and oxytocin release
Insulin and melatonin cycles
Adrenaline and cortisol levels
Which statement aligns with incentive theory of motivation?
Behavior is motivated by external rewards
Behavior relies on instinctive fixed actions
Behavior reduces internal drives and needs
Behavior seeks optimal arousal states
Which perspective describes fixed-action patterns?
Voluntary responses shaped by incentives
Innate, automatic behaviors to specific stimuli
Learned associations through repeated exposure
Conscious recall of explicit experiences
William James’ early instinct theory proposed what about behavior?
Instincts are inherited tendencies guiding behavior
Behavior is driven solely by external rewards
Emotions occur simultaneously with arousal
Memory depends on hippocampus and amygdala
Which statement best reflects the Yerkes-Dodson Law about arousal and performance?
Arousal level does not affect performance
Performance improves as arousal decreases steadily
Optimal performance occurs at moderate arousal
Peak performance occurs at very high arousal
Drive-Reduction Theory explains behavior primarily as a response to what?
Learned habits reducing boredom
Physiological needs creating tension
External rewards increasing motivation
Cultural norms shaping choices
Which need appears directly above esteem in Maslow’s hierarchy?
Love and belonging
Physiological needs
Safety needs
Self-actualization
Low blood glucose primarily triggers which response related to eating behavior?
Metabolism speeds up quickly
Hunger signals activate
Satiety increases noticeably
Taste sensitivity diminishes
Fat cells shrink during dieting, but their number remains constant. What consequence often follows?
Permanent reduction in appetite
Increased likelihood of weight regain
Rapid muscle gain over weeks
Guaranteed long-term weight loss
Which statement contrasts hostile and instrumental aggression correctly?
Both depend mainly on high serotonin
Hostile is goal-driven; instrumental is anger-driven
Both are always planned and deliberate
Hostile is anger-driven; instrumental is goal-driven
Research commonly finds that women tend to be better at which social skill?
Suppressing facial expressions
Predicting long-term success
Detecting emotional cues
Ignoring nonverbal signals
The facial feedback effect suggests that
Emotions shape expressions only
Expressions can influence emotions
Cognition blocks all expressions
Expressions reduce social perception
Achievement motivation tends to be higher in cultures that
Emphasize collective silence over goals
Discourage individual success strongly
Avoid competition in most settings
Celebrate individual achievement explicitly
Fundamental Attribution Error involves
Overemphasizing personal traits over situations
Ignoring both traits and situations
Balancing traits and contexts fairly
Overvaluing situational causes for behavior
Which option best describes the False Consensus Effect?
Judging people based on one positive trait
Assuming your opinions are widely shared
Believing others never agree with you
Preferring group harmony over decisions
The Halo Effect is illustrated when a teacher
Rates students using peer pressure
Assumes one strength implies other strengths
Focuses only on situational influences
Ignores attractiveness when grading
Which persuasion technique starts with a small request before a larger one?
Foot-in-the-door technique
Door-in-the-face technique
Halo effect priming
Peripheral route appeal
Social loafing is most likely when
Groups meet only briefly once
Tasks are individually monitored tightly
Individuals work alone competitively
Group members share responsibility broadly
Groupthink tends to occur when a group
Uses anonymous voting often
Encourages dissent and evaluation
Prioritizes harmony over decisions
Invites external critiques regularly
Social facilitation refers to
No change in performance with observers
Improved performance in presence of others
Impaired performance with audiences
Improved performance alone
Adjusting attitudes and actions to align with others is called
Social facilitation
Obedience
Conformity
Compliance
Low serotonin levels are most closely linked with
Reduced aggression consistently
Enhanced impulse control daily
Stable mood without conflict
Increased aggression tendencies
Which choices are true of instrumental aggression? Select all that apply.
Always results from groupthink
Driven mainly by anger feelings
Primarily goal-directed behavior
Often includes calculated planning
Which statement best reflects Vygotsky’s view of cognitive development?
Language emerges after thought fully matures
Genetic maturation solely drives mental growth
Higher-order functions develop through cultural tools
Learning unfolds independently from social interaction
Which example most clearly illustrates folkways rather than mores?
Driving intoxicated on local roads
Cheating on taxes to avoid payment
Stealing valuables from a neighbor
Speaking softly in a public library
Material culture is best described as which of the following?
Invisible norms guiding daily behavior
Physical objects like signs and monuments
Spoken language shaping perception
Community beliefs and shared values
What is a core idea of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?
Grammar evolves independent of cognition
Culture removes linguistic constraints
Language shapes thought and perception
Thought determines all language structures
Cultural diffusion is best defined as what process?
Spread of elements from one society to another
Replacement of local beliefs by foreign media
Legal enforcement of strong moral norms
Judging other cultures by one’s standards
Hyde’s 2005 review concluded what about gender differences?
Differences are nonexistent across all traits
Differences are generally very small
Differences are increasing each decade
Differences are generally very large
Research on math performance suggests which is accurate?
Girls consistently outperform boys by far
Minimal differences; stereotypes exaggerate gaps
Large gaps exist due to ability alone
Teachers create differences through grading
Which set lists the typical variables used to measure socioeconomic status (SES)?
Health, resilience, age
Language, culture, ethnicity
Personality, temperament, values
Income, education, occupation
The Stereotype Content Model organizes stereotypes along which dimensions?
Warmth and competence
Morality and legality
Intelligence and creativity
Power and dominance
Which responsibility best fits a clinical psychologist?
Assesses and treats mental disorders
Evaluates custody competence in court
Designs school-wide learning strategies
Studies memory effects of brain injury
Which career focuses on aging, health, and resilience, often in VA hospitals or nursing homes?
Gero-psychologist
Neuropsychologist
Community psychologist
Educational psychologist
Which psychologist studies brain–behavior relationships, memory, and effects of injury?
Neuropsychologist
Clinical psychologist
Community psychologist
Forensic psychologist
Which description best matches a community psychologist?
Treats emotional disorders in hospital settings
Improves instructional strategies in schools
Conducts legal evaluations for court decisions
Promotes social justice; prevents crime and bullying
Which task is central to educational psychologists?
Assessing brain injury and memory deficits
Competency evaluations in legal settings
Improving teaching and learning strategies
Designing public health crime prevention
Ethnocentrism is best defined as which practice?
Spreading culture between societies
Judging other cultures by one’s standards
Adopting foreign norms through migration
Prioritizing community welfare over self
Which statement about attraction effects is accurate?
Mere exposure increases attraction
Bystanders are more likely to intervene
Proximity decreases interpersonal liking
Helping reduces personal distress only
Which degree is typically required to become a licensed psychologist in most regions?
Bachelor’s degree with state exams
Associate’s degree with internship hours
Doctoral degree such as PhD or PsyD
Master’s degree with counseling hours
A bachelor’s degree in psychology usually leads to which outcome regarding licensure?
Does not qualify for psychologist licensure
Eligible for full psychologist licensure
Automatically qualifies after supervised practice
Eligible only for sports psychology licensure
What best describes the concept of flow in psychology?
Brief distraction during complex tasks
Persistent worry about performance
Complete immersion and focused engagement
Emotional detachment from activities
Which statements correctly describe grit? Select all that apply.
Avoiding challenges to reduce stress
Passion sustained over extended periods
Perseverance toward long-term goals
Short bursts of motivation for quick wins
Psychological literacy most closely means what?
Memorizing famous psychology experiments
Avoiding psychological advice in daily decisions
Applying psychological concepts in everyday life
Diagnosing mental disorders professionally
Which global or domestic issues commonly involve psychologists’ expertise?
Disaster response and terrorism impacts
Aging population and climate change effects
Community mental health crisis support
Routine traffic ticket management
