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WorksheetsINTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY LATES 2026
Total questions: 105
Worksheet time: 53mins
Which statement summarizes the core belief of the Classical School of Criminology?
Crime is a rational choice, and punishment should serve as a deterrent.
Criminals are driven by demonic forces and require spiritual redemption.
Criminals are inherently flawed individuals with limited rationality.
Criminal behavior is a product of biological and environmental factors.
Which criminological school of thought that the modern- day rational choice theory had evolved from?
Classical
Positivist
Neo-classical
Neo-positivist
Which is a derivative of the classical theory and on the premise that people make decisions based on their own interests in order to maximize their own benefits?
Rational choice
Trait theory
Critical criminology
Social structure
Which is the central concept of the Classical School of Criminology?
People are rational, have free will, and are responsible for their lawful/unlawful actions.
External and internal factors influence individuals to commit crime.
Human conduct is influenced by other factors rather than genes and personality traits.
It explains that while crime is dreadful, it can be prevented by severe punishmenh
In public policy analysis, what advantage do classical school of criminology have?
Helps reduce crime and provides basis for strong deterrence against crimes.
Emphasizes tangible and measurable facts in the area of psychology.
Provides formal and informal social control, which in turn inhibits crime.
Establishes the conditions under which violence can be employed.
A policymaker proposes mandatory minimum sentences for all drug offenses, arguing that proportionate punishment is the only way to reduce crime rates effectively. This approach is primarily influenced by which criminological perspective?
Classical School of Criminology
Positive School of Criminology
Social Learning Theory
Critical Criminology
What concept does neo-classical school of criminology profess that makes it different with that of the classical school?
considers mitigating circumstances that might influence individual's decision-making
focuses entirely on internal factors that determined criminal liability
relies heavily to spiritual explanations for criminal behavior
advocates for harsher punishments as the primary means of deterrence
Which statement BEST explains the concept of neo-classical theory?
Certain actions and instances are not rationalized
Punishment must fit the crime
All actions and instances are product of free will
Science can be used to explain crime and criminality
Which school of thought had this notion that people respond to punishment differently, and that a person’s surroundings, and other factors can all contribute to crime?
Neo-classical
Neo-positivist
Classical
Positivist
Which BEST illustrates the Classical and Neo-Classical Schools of Criminology’s concept of "specific deterrence"?
Prison term was meted to a person earning him a lesson not to commit further crime
Program that equipped youth with conflict resolution skills to reduce crime and violence.
Neighborhood watch group is formed, leading to increased surveillance of an area.
Series of social reforms on poverty and inequality in disadvantaged area was conducted.
. Which would most likely be investigated by a Positivist criminologist?
Genetic predispositions that may influence an individual's tendency toward aggression.
Impact of media violence on perceptions of crime.
Social inequalities that contribute to higher crime rates in certain areas.
Way in which labeling someone a "criminal" can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy.
A criminologist argues that crime flourishes in areas with high levels of social disorganization and where there is a breakdown of community institutions and norms. Which theoretical perspective conforms with such argument?
Social structure
Positivist
Labelling
Rational choice
A researcher is conducting a study on how childhood experiences of abuse and neglect might increase the risk of future criminal involvement. Which is most likely the approach of the study?
Developmental/Life-course
Routine activities
Social control
Rational choice
Which perspective argues that crime can serve a functional purpose by reinforcing social norms, promoting social cohesion, and potentially leading to positive social change?
Sociological Positivism
Conflict Criminology
Feminist Criminology
Differential Association Theory
A city implements a program that focuses on improving lighting in crime hot spots, installing security cameras, and increasing police patrols. Which crime prevention theory is this program most closely aligned with?
Routine activities
Rational choice
Developmental/Life course
Conflict criminology
Which theoretical perspective is critical to traditional definitions of crime, arguing that crime primarily reflect the interests of powerful groups in society?
Conflict criminology
Classical school of criminology
Social learning theory
Biosocial criminology
Which principle is central to the Classical School of Criminology?
Criminal behavior is determined by biological and social factors.
Punishment should be proportional to the crime to deter criminal behavior.
Mitigating circumstances should always be considered in determining responsibility.
Rehabilitation is the primary goal of the criminal justice system.
How does the Neo-Classical School differ from the Classical School of Criminology?
It emphasizes the biological causes of crime.
It introduces the consideration of individual circumstances in criminal responsibility.
It focuses on rehabilitation rather than punishment.
It rejects the idea of free will in favor of determinism.
Which is a transgression of established contextual, cultural, or social standards, such as customs, mores, or codified law?
Deviance
Crime
Norms
Laws
. Which can BEST illustrates deviance?
Person wearing highly offensive dress not fitting for an event or occasion.
Individuals apprehended for driving under the influence of alcohol.
Employee ostracized by colleagues for violating company policies.
Person arrested for selling or trading endangered animals.
Which refers to an unwritten guideline that defines acceptable behavior within a particular group or culture?
Norms
Deviance
Crime
Laws
The following acts contravene the social standards or societal norms EXCEPT:
Non deviant
Deviant
Transgression
Aggression
A homeless man sleeps on a bench in public park ignoring the displayed signs prohibiting anyone from doing so. Which term BEST describes the homeless’ actuation?
Deviant
Non deviant
Aggression
Transgression
In a locality where there exists an act considered deviant but not punishable by law but over time, public opinion becomes increasingly negative about the act, leading to its criminalization. Which BEST illustrates the preceding statement?
Norms evolving into laws, reflecting a shift in society's values.
Consensus demonstrating how those in power shape legal definitions.
Social disorganization explaining breakdowns in social control mechanisms.
Labelling process influencing how behaviors become categorized.
Which Latin phrase in law refers to an act which by its very nature are not evil but made punishable only because of law enactment that forbids it?
Mala prohibita
Mala in se
Nulum crimen nula poena sine lege
Ignorantia legis neminem excusat
Which Latin phrase in law refers to an act which are inherently evil and morally depraved?
Mala in se
Mala prohibita
Nulum crimen nula poena sine lege
Ignorantia legis neminem excusat
Which Latin maxim in law whose translation in English phrase is “there is no crime when there is no law punishing it”?
Nulum crimen nula poena sine lege
Ignorantia legis neminem excusat
Res ipsa loquitor
Dura lex sed lex
Which model defines the patterns on how people feel, think, and act during times of dispute and risk?
Conflict
Interactionist
Psychodynamic
Behavior
Which model explains how psychological traits, illnesses, and behavior emerge as a result of both biological and environmental factors?
Interactionist
Conflict
Psychodynamic model
Behavior model
Shoplifting is an offense with minimal social stigma attached. A new norm was launched highlighting the negative consequences of shoplifting for local businesses and the community. Which criminological model reflects the ideas behind such campaign?
Consensus
Conflict
Interactionist
Labelling
A researcher found out that teenagers who hang out with friends who are into minor shoplifting are more likely end up shoplifting themselves. Which criminological model supports such research findings?
Interactionist
Consensus
Conflict
Labeling
Community residents alarmed by a rise in “akyat-bahay” incidents held a barangay hall meeting to discuss solutions. This scenario best exemplifies which criminological model?
Consensus
Conflict
Interactionist
Labeling
Which view considers the rich and the poor or indigent are believed to agree on which certain behaviors that are so offensive that they should be outlawed and criminalized?
Consensus
Conflict
Interactionist
Which model shows that good or evil is subjective and are labeled as such?
Interactionist
Consensus
Conflict
Communist
A law is proposing to ban the sale of violent video games to minors. Proponents argue that it would protect children from harmful effect. Opponents say it censors artistic expression. Which reflect the opposite views over these video contents?
Consensus and conflict models
Crime and deviance
Mala in se and mala prohibita
Labeling and social disorganization theories
What distinguishes mala in se crimes from mala prohibita crimes?
Mala in se crimes are acts prohibited by society, while mala prohibita crimes are inherently evil.
Mala in se crimes are inherently wrong, while mala prohibita crimes are wrong due to legal prohibition.
Mala in se crimes align with informal norms, while mala prohibita crimes are enforced by legal systems.
Mala in se crimes violate societal norms, while mala prohibita crimes violate moral consensus.
Which concept explains how laws are shaped to reflect the shared values of the majority in a society?
Conflict Model
Consensus Model
Interactionist Model
Deviance
Which refers to crimes perpetrated by a person of respectability and high social rank in the course of their profession for their own profit?
White-collar
Blue-collar
Corporate
Organized
Which is NOT an example of violent crimes?
Illegal drugs trade
Rape
Robbery
Murder
The Revised Penal Code describes crime against public morals as follows, EXCEPT _____.
theft and robbery
prostitution and vagrancy
immoral doctrines and indecent shows
gambling and illegal betting
Which BEST describes a "white-collar" criminal according to criminological typologies?
Anyone who commits non-violent crimes for financial gain within their occupation.
Individual who commits violent crimes against persons in authority.
Person who engages in petty theft and vandalism.
Any person who is involved in organized crime and drug trafficking.
How are "organized crime" groups typically characterized?
Highly structured groups that are engage in illegal activities for profit.
Structured groups that engage in random, opportunistic criminal activities.
Organized groups that operate on a small scale with limited influence.
Political groups that primarily focus on activism through illegal means.
Which is a common characteristic of "cybercriminals" in the context of typologies of criminal offenders?
Specializes in crimes involving digital technology and the internet.
Uses physical force to commit crimes.
Engages primarily engage in traditional crimes like robbery and theft.
Operates openly and are easily identifiable.
. Which is NOT typically considered a characteristic of "serial killers" in criminological typologies?
Usually kills for financial gain or material benefits.
Commits multiple murders over an extended period.
Follows a specific pattern or modus operandi in their killings.
Exhibits psychological abnormalities that drive their behavior.
In the typology of criminal offenders, which distinguishes a "habitual offender" from other types of offenders?
Have a long history of committing similar types of crimes.
Commits a single crime repeatedly.
Violates a variety of crimes infrequently.
First-time offenders with no prior criminal record.
A series of carjackings taking place where victims are forcibly removed from their vehicles and perpetrators use stolen car in another serious crime. Which offender typology is most likely engaged in this situation?
Instrumental
Expressive
Simple
Situational
Which criminal typology would be the LEAST to consider as basis in designing crime prevention programs within a community?
Psychopathic Offenders
Occasional Criminals
Organized Crime Syndicates
Victimless Crime Offenders
In the typology of sexual offenders, which BEST describes a “preferential offender”?
Has a specific sex preference for certain types of victims.
Commits sex crime as part of broad criminal behavior pattern.
Commits sex crime in response to specific external circumstances.
Is motivated by a specific sexual preference or fixation.
Which is a common characteristic of "transnational criminals" in the context of typologies of criminal offenders?
Specializes in crimes that involve crossing national borders.
Operates exclusively within their home countries.
Focuses primarily on crimes related to environmental law.
Typically involves in petty crimes rather than organized activities.
. In criminology, how is the term "psychopathic offenders" typically defined?
A persistent pattern of anti-social behavior who disregards the rights of others.
Persons who commit crimes due to a temporary mental illness.
Individuals who commit crimes solely for financial gain.
Those rehabilitated and no longer poses a threat to society.
Which BEST describes the typology of "insider traders" in the context of white-collar crime?
Persons who illegally trade company stocks based on confidential information.
Individuals who commit violent crimes within corporate settings.
People who embezzle funds from their employers for personal use.
Anyone who engage in illegal gambling activities within their organization.
Which distinguishes a "corporate criminal" from other types of white-collar criminals?
Corporate criminals are representatives of corporations that engage in illegal activities.
Corporate criminals are always individuals, not organizations.
Corporate criminals engage in crimes that are not financially motivated.
Corporate criminals exclusively commit environmental crimes.
Which is a defining characteristic of "political criminals" in the context of typologies of criminal offenders?
Their criminal activities are motivated by political beliefs or goals.
They commit crimes primarily for personal financial gain.
They exclusively engage in non-violent forms of protest.
They are always affiliated with recognized political parties.
In the typology of criminal offenders, how are "blue-collar criminals" typically characterized?
They are individuals who commit crimes related to manual labor or industrial work.
They are individuals who commit crimes in professional or corporate settings.
They are individuals who commit high-tech cybercrimes.
They are individuals who hold high-ranking positions in government.
What crime typology is involved when people commit crimes on account against victim’s race or color, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation and other protected characteristics?
Hate crimes
Complex crimes
Gender crimes
Crimes against humanity
In the typology of criminal offenders, which is a characteristic of "juvenile offenders"?
Young individuals who commit crimes before reaching the age of legal adulthood.
Minor or youth are always tried in adult criminal courts.
Underaged individuals who commit only minor offenses.
Youthful offenders who are incorrigible and cannot be rehabilitated.
Which refers to killing of a person with the presence of qualifying circumstances that make the act more reprehensible?
Murder
Homicide
Parricide
Infanticide
Which nature of killing best describes the crime of parricide in the Philippines?
Unlawful killing of one's own parents or other direct ascendants
Premeditated killing of a person by a relative
Unintended killing of a person by a stranger
Destructive killing of an infant less than 3 days old
Which is a correct statement about the crime of homicide in the Philippines?
Unlawful killing of a person without premeditation.
Unjustified killing of a person with premeditation.
Deliberate killing of a person without provocation
Premeditated killing of a person with the use of poison.
. In the context of infanticide in the Philippines, who is typically considered the offender?
Any person who kills a baby under three days of age.
Mother of the child only.
Father of the child only.
Any relative within the fourth civil degree.
In Philippine law, which of the following elements is NOT required to prove the crime of murder?
Relationship
Treachery
Death of the victim
Use of superior strength
Which is the primary distinction between theft and robbery under Philippine law?
Use of force or intimidation in taking property
Value of the property taken
Location where the crime is committed
Time of day when the crime is committed
Which refers to the act of making physical contact with the body of another person for the goal of achieving sexual enjoyment other than or without intent of sexual intercourse?
Acts of lasciviousness
Rape
Unjust vexation
Seduction
In the context of sexual assaults in the Philippines, which is considered an aggravating circumstance that can increase the severity of the punishment?
Victim is under twelve years of age.
Offender is a stranger to the victim.
Suspect is under the influence of alcohol.
Crime is committed in a public place.
Which of the following statements BEST describes the crime of rape under the Anti-Rape Law of 1997 (Republic Act No. 8353)?
Committed by any person, regardless of gender.
Always committed by a man against a woman.
Can only be committed through sexual intercourse.
Requires the use of force or intimidation.
Who is a criminal who has made a long-term commitment to robbery as a source of money since it is fast, direct, and profitable?
Professional
Opportunistic
Addict
Alcoholic
Which type of robbers usually attacks when the opportunity arises and are often violent during their robberies due to poor organizing?
Opportunistic
Professional
Ordinary
Alcoholic
Which is a characteristic of a professional robber based on Conklin's criminal typology?
Plans crimes carefully and avoids violence
Commits crimes impulsively
Commits crimes to support a drug habit
Targets victims based on personal grudges
Which is NOT a characteristic of Conklin's typology of robbers?
Vengeful robbers who commit crimes out of personal vendetta
Professional robbers who plan their crimes meticulously
Opportunistic robbers who commit crimes on a whim
Addict robbers who commit crimes to support a drug habit
Which is a defining characteristic of opportunistic robbers according to Conklin's typology?
Spontaneous commission of crimes, taking advantage of immediate opportunities.
Well-organized and plan their crimes in advance.
Motivated primarily by a need to support a drug addiction.
Use a high level of violence to overpower their victims.
Which type of murder in the US penal system involves intentional killing without premeditation, often committed impulsively?
Second-Degree Murder
First-Degree Murder
Voluntary Manslaughter
Felony Murder
In Conklin's typology, which type of robber is characterized by impulsive and poorly planned crimes often committed while impaired by substance use?
Alcoholic Robbers
Professional Robbers
Opportunistic Robbers
Addict Robbers
What distinguishes statutory rape from other forms of sexual assault?
It occurs when one party is a minor, regardless of consent.
It involves non-consensual sexual acts using force or coercion.
It focuses on unwanted sexual touching or contact.
It refers to repeated sexual advances in a workplace setting.
Which refers to the legal requirement that foreigners can only practice criminology in the Philippines if the foreign country/state also allow Philippine citizens to practice criminology within their territory?
Foreign Reciprocity
Renvoi Doctrine
Doctrine of Incorporation
International treaty
The following are juridical persons who are authorized to practice criminology profession in the Philippines, EXCEPT __________.
natural persons
single proprietorship
partnership
corporations
The following are grounds for refusal to Issue Certificate of Registration and Professional Identification Card or Temporary/Special Permit, EXCEPT ______________.
malicious mischief
found guilty of immoral conduct
intriguing against honor
declared of unsound mind
Which move of appointment is authorized under the law pertaining to qualified civilian specialists to be sworn as commissioned officers in public safety or law enforcement organizations?
Lateral entry
Vertical entry
Original appointment
Initial appointment
Which refers to a natural person who holds a valid certificate of registration and an updated professional identification card as criminologist issued by the Criminology Board and the Professional Regulations Commission?
Registered criminologist
Professional
Criminology Board
Board Examiner
What comprises the composition of the Professional Regulatory Board for Criminologists?
Chairperson and four (4) members
Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and four (4) members
Chairperson and two (2) members
Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and five (5) members
A registered criminologist is offered a part-time position teaching criminology courses at a university. What essential qualification is required by the Philippine Criminology Profession Act for a teaching position?
A post-graduate degree in Criminology or a related field
At least five years of experience as a law enforcement officer
An active membership in the Accredited Professional Organization (APO)
A certification in a specialized field such as ballistics or forensic science
Which of the following activities fall within the scope of practice of a registered criminologist?
Conducting forensic analysis of DNA evidence collected at a crime scene
Investigating and resolving employee disputes within a private corporation
Representing a client as their defense attorney in a criminal trial
Providing security consulting for a commercial establishment
A foreigner who is a criminologist with renowned expertise is invited to the Philippines to conduct workshops on cybercrime investigation. Under the law, how can he/she legally practice his/her profession in this country?
They must obtain a temporary/special permit issued by the Board
The reciprocity provision allows them to work without any additional permits
They must become a member of the APO before conducting the workshops
They cannot practice criminology in the Philippines under any circumstances
. Which is a potential consequence for a person found guilty of practicing criminology without a valid license and professional card?
Significant fines and/or imprisonment
Deportation if they are a foreign national
Suspension of their driver's license
Mandatory community service related to law enforcement
Which is responsible for issuing the Certificate of Registration (COR) and Professional Identification Card (PIC) to qualified criminologists pursuant to RA 11131 and its Implementing Rules and Regulations?
Professional Regulatory Board of Criminology
Commission on Higher Education (CHED)
Accredited Integrated Professional Organization (AIPO)
Philippine Regulation Commission (PRC)
Under the IRR of RA No. 11131, which of the following is NOT a ground for the revocation or suspension of the Certificate of Registration of a registered criminologist?
Failure to attend mandatory Continuing Professional Development (CPD) programs
Conviction of a crime involving moral turpitude
Non-renewal of Professional Identification Card for 2 consecutive periods
Practicing criminology without a valid Certificate of Registration
According to the IRR of RA No. 11131, which is the primary function of the Professional Regulatory Board for Criminologist?
Regulate and supervise the practice of criminology in the Philippines
Provide financial assistance to criminology students
Conduct research on crime prevention and detection
Offer training programs for aspiring criminologists
A registered criminologist suspects that a colleague is engaging in unethical conduct. Which is the MOST appropriate step to be taken in accordance with the law?
Submit a written complaint to the Board, detailing the allegations and any evidence
Confront the colleague directly to demand an explanation
Ignore the situation, as it is not their place to interfere in another person's practice
Report the matter to the local police for investigation of potential criminal activity
A criminologist, after several failed attempts, finally passes the licensure exam. Which of the following must he/she do before he/she can officially begin practicing his/her profession?
Take a ceremonial oath administered by the Board
Register with the SEC as a sole proprietorship offering criminology services
Join a local chapter of an international law enforcement association
Apply for a position within a government agency listed in the Act
What is the primary purpose of the Continuing Professional Development (CPD) as a requirement for the renewal of criminologists’ license?
Ensure criminologists maintain up-to-date knowledge and skills
Generate revenue for the government
Increase the prestige of the criminology profession
Provide networking opportunities for practicing criminologists
What is the role of the Accredited Integrated Professional Organization (AIPO) as mentioned in IRR of RA No. 11131?
Serve as the official national organization of criminologists
Issue licenses to criminologists
Provide financial support to criminology schools
Conduct the licensure examination for criminologists
Under the IRR of RA No. 11131, which is NOT a component subject for the licensure examination in criminology?
Public Administration and Governance
Criminal Jurisprudence and Procedure
Law Enforcement Administration
Correctional Administration
According to the IRR of RA No. 11131, which is the minimum grade required in any subject to pass the licensure examination for criminologists?
60%
50%
70%
75%
Which is a privilege granted to registered criminologists under the IRR of RA No. 11131?
Exemption from taking any other government or civil service examination
Lifetime exemption from paying taxes
Automatic appointment as a judge in criminal courts
Authority to issue arrest warrants
A registered criminologist is found engaging as private investigator without a license from the appropriate regulatory body. Which is a likely consequence under the Philippine Criminology Profession Act?
May face legal penalties separate from any disciplinary action by the Board.
License will be immediately and permanently revoked.
Required to cease practicing criminology until they obtain the additional license.
No violation as private investigation is considered within the scope of criminology.
The Professional Regulatory Board receives a complaint that a registered criminologist working in a correctional facility has violated the Code of Ethics. Which of the following actions would likely be part of the initial investigation process?
Interviewing witnesses or others who might have relevant information
Seizing the criminologist's professional records for examination
Suspending the criminologist's license pending the outcome
Demanding an in-person written confession from the accused criminologist
A foreigner who is a criminologist with international recognition in forensic psychology wishes to practice in the Philippines. What is needed by such foreigner to do so legally under RA 11131 and its IRR?
Fulfill the reciprocity requirements as determined by the Board
Demonstrate that the Philippines lacks sufficient expertise in their specific field
Secure a teaching position at a recognized Philippine university
Appeal directly to the President of the Philippines for a special exemption
Which is a direct benefit of a criminologist joining the APO?
Access to continuing professional development programs
Automatic priority for promotion in government law enforcement positions
Guaranteed protection from disciplinary action by the Board
Exemption from paying professional tax as a practicing criminologist
The APO, in collaboration with the Board, wishes to update the Table of Specifications for the criminology licensure exam to reflect changes in technology. Which body has the final authority to approve these revisions?
Professional Regulation Commission
Commission on Higher Education
Technical Panel for Criminology
Accredited Professional Organization for Criminologists
Under the IRR of RA No. 11131, which agency is responsible for keeping all records of the Professional Regulatory Board of Criminology, including examination papers and their results?
Professional Regulation Commission
Commission on Higher Education
Accredited Integrated Professional Organization
National Police Commission
Under the IRR of RA No. 11131, which is the effect of non-payment of Professional Identification Card (PIC) renewal fees for two consecutive periods?
Suspension from the practice of criminology.
Retake the licensure examination.
Certificate of Registration (COR) will be automatically renewed.
Criminologist will receive a monetary reward.
According to the IRR of RA No. 11131, which is required for a criminologist to be exempt from taking any other government or civil service examination?
A valid Certificate of Registration and Professional Identification Card
Completion of a master's degree in criminology
Membership in the Accredited Integrated Professional Organization (AIPO)
At least 10 years of experience in the field of criminology
Under the IRR of RA No. 11131, which is the role of the Professional Regulatory Board for Criminologist in relation to colleges and universities offering criminology programs?
Monitor compliance with policies, standards, and requirements for criminology education
Provide financial assistance to students
Conduct the licensure examination for faculty members
Appoint the deans of criminology schools
What is ONE of the main roles of registered criminologists under the scope of RA 11131?
Managing correctional facilities and offender rehabilitation programs.
Supervising legal proceedings in courts of law.
Drafting international treaties on crime prevention.
Creating and implementing public education campaigns on general health issues.
Which privilege is exclusive to registered criminologists under RA 11131?
The legal right to use the title "Registered Criminologist (R.Crim)."
The ability to provide security services for private companies.
Automatic eligibility for international criminology certifications.
Unlimited exemption from continuing professional development (CPD) requirements.
Which career path aligns with the scope of practice under RA 11131?
Teaching criminology courses and conducting research in universities.
Representing clients in legal cases as their primary counsel.
Drafting legislation unrelated to public safety or crime prevention.
Leading health campaigns to reduce public disease outbreaks.
