Chapter 1 – Identification: Non-neuronal brain cells that provide support, nourishment, and insulation (glia)

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Chapter 1 – Identification: Scientist who established that neurons are discrete, individual cells

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Chapter 1 – Identification: Network of interconnected fibers within a cell that helps maintain structure

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Chapter 1 – Identification: Cell structure that contains genetic material

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Chapter 1 – Identification: Branching extensions of a neuron that receive information

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Chapter 1 – Identification: The long fiber of a neuron that transmits signals away from the cell body

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Chapter 1 – Identification: Swollen area at the end of an axon that releases chemicals

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Chapter 1 – Identification: The region of the neuron that integrates incoming information

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Chapter 1 – Identification: Fatty sheath that insulates axons and speeds conduction

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Chapter 1 – Identification: Gaps between myelin segments along an axon

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Chapter 1 – Identification: Neuron type that carries sensory information to the CNS

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Chapter 1 – Identification: Neuron type that carries information from the CNS to muscles

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Chapter 1 – Identification: Neuron type that connects neurons within the CNS

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Chapter 1 – Identification: Glial cell that forms myelin in the brain and spinal cord

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Chapter 1 – Identification: Glial cell that forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system

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Chapter 1 – Identification: Star-shaped glial cells involved in nutrient delivery and blood–brain barrier

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Chapter 1 – Identification: Immune-system glial cells that remove debris

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Chapter 1 – Identification: Protective separation between blood and brain tissue

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Chapter 1 – Identification: Cells lining brain ventricles that produce cerebrospinal fluid

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Chapter 1 – Identification: Slight electrical difference across a neuron’s membrane at rest

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Chapter 1 – Identification: Typical resting potential of a neuron (approximately)

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Chapter 1 – Identification: Difference in electrical charge across a membrane

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Chapter 1 – Identification: Positively charged ion concentrated outside the neuron

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Chapter 1 – Identification: Positively charged ion concentrated inside the neuron

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Chapter 1 – Identification: Protein that actively transports sodium and potassium ions

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Chapter 1 – Identification: Brief electrical impulse that travels down an axon

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Chapter 1 – Identification: Principle stating that action potentials occur fully or not at all

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Chapter 1 – Identification: Minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential

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Sudden depolarization of the membrane during an action potential

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Return of membrane potential toward resting level

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Temporary hyperpolarized state after an action potential

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Voltage-sensitive protein channels that open during an action potential

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Time when a neuron cannot fire another action potential

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Time when a neuron can fire only with stronger stimulation

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Movement of ions across a membrane through channels

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Electrical signal that weakens as it spreads

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Rapid conduction of impulses in myelinated axons

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Area of axon where action potential usually begins

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Increase in firing rate as stimulus intensity increases

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Chemical difference across a membrane due to ion distribution

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Electrical force pushing ions toward opposite charge

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Combined electrical and concentration force

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Proteins that allow selective ion passage

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Channel that opens due to membrane voltage

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Channel that opens due to chemical binding

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Internal environment of a neuron

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External environment surrounding a neuron

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Failure of sodium channels to reopen immediately

(a)  

Energy molecule used by ion pumps

(a)  

Specialized neurons that do not generate action potentials

(a)  

Short axons that allow local communication within brain regions

(a)  

Neurons specialized for integrating information rather than long-distance signaling

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Mechanism by which nutrients reach neurons through capillaries

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Tight junctions between capillary cells in the brain

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Protection preventing toxins from entering brain tissue

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Cells that regulate passage of substances into the brain

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Reason most drugs fail to enter the brain

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Substance that can cross the blood–brain barrier easily

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Brain’s dependence on glucose for energy

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Primary energy source for neurons

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Oxygen deprivation damage to neurons

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Neuron death due to lack of oxygen

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Nutrient delivery system for the brain

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Structural difference between neurons and other cells

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Cell that increases conduction speed by insulation

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Loss of myelin leading to impaired conduction

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Disease involving myelin loss in CNS

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Rapid firing due to sodium channel recovery

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Increase in axon diameter increasing conduction speed

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Feature preventing backward movement of action potential

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Property of neurons allowing unidirectional signaling

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Passive movement of ions without energy

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Active transport requiring energy

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Channel always open allowing potassium movement

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Negative internal charge of resting neuron

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Reduction of polarization

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Increase in negative polarization

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Electrical signal that fades with distance

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Electrical signal that does not fade

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Sodium channel opening during depolarization

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Potassium channel opening during repolarization

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Event restoring resting membrane potential

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Ion responsible for depolarization

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Ion responsible for repolarization

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Temporary undershoot of resting potential

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Failure to fire due to sodium channel inactivation

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Reduced firing likelihood following action potential

(a)  

High-speed impulse conduction mechanism

(a)  

Axon region exposed between myelin segments

(a)  

Action potential jumping between nodes

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Factor that does NOT change action potential size

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Feature determining neuron firing frequency

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Principle that action potential amplitude is constant

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Integration point of neuron signals

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Site of neurotransmitter release

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Internal fluid of neuron

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External fluid surrounding neuron

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Electrical resistance across membrane

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Brain cells that outnumber neurons

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Glia involved in metabolic support

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Glia involved in immune defense

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Glia that guide neuronal development

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Developmental origin of neurons

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Growth of axons toward targets

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Chemical cues guiding axons

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Cell death during development

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Removal of unused synapses

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Structural diversity among neurons

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Sensory neuron direction of transmission

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Motor neuron direction of transmission

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