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WorksheetsChapter 3: Nutrition and the Human Body
Total questions: 60
Worksheet time: 30mins
Which definition best aligns with functional foods as described by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics?
Whole foods plus fortification with health benefits
Any low-calorie foods that aid weight loss
Highly processed foods engineered for taste only
Medicinal supplements replacing regular meals
Which statement accurately distinguishes probiotics from prebiotics?
Probiotics and prebiotics both refer to the same live cultures
Prebiotics are antibiotics that kill harmful bacteria
Probiotics are dietary fibers; prebiotics are live gut bacteria
Probiotics are live beneficial microbes; prebiotics are non-digestible fibers
Select all foods that commonly contain probiotics. Select all that apply.
Yogurt and some cheeses
Garlic, onions, asparagus
Kefir, tempeh, kombucha
Fermented vegetables like kimchi
Which options list typical sources of prebiotics? Select all that apply.
Asparagus and leeks
Kefir and yogurt
Bananas and oats
Garlic and onions
Recent studies associate probiotic supplementation with which downstream effect?
Enhanced intestinal microbial balance supporting immune function
Immediate elimination of all gut pathogens
Complete replacement of dietary fiber requirements
Permanent alteration of human genetic material
The term kefir originates from a Turkish word meaning what?
Pleasure or good feeling
Culture or fermentation
Medicine or cure-all
Milk or dairy drink
Which narrative element helped spread kefir beyond the Caucasus according to the story?
Global television advertising campaigns
Discovery in a modern biotechnology lab
Government health mandates and taxation
Corporate intrigue and a prince’s kidnapping
Which structure is NOT part of the primary continuous tube of the alimentary canal?
Pharynx
Pancreas
Esophagus
Rectum
Which pair correctly distinguishes mechanical from chemical digestion in the mouth?
Bolus formation is chemical; mastication is enzymatic
Peristalsis grinds food; mastication secretes proteases
Saliva moistens food; mastication releases amylase enzymes
Mastication breaks food; saliva enzymes begin hydrolysis
What term describes the wave-like muscular contractions that propel the bolus down the esophagus?
Pendular motion
Peristalsis
Segmentation
Tonicity
During swallowing, which structure closes to prevent food entering the trachea?
Soft palate
Glottis
Epiglottis
Uvula
Arrange the early digestive steps: choose the option that lists them in correct order from mouth to stomach entry.
Mastication, peristalsis, ingestion, bolus forms
Bolus forms, mastication begins, peristalsis, sphincter opens
Ingestion triggers salivation, mastication, bolus forms, peristalsis
Peristalsis, bolus forms, ingestion, sphincter opens
Which statement best describes the bolus?
A semi-solid mass formed by gastric mixing
A lipid micelle created by bile salts
A protein-rich chyme produced by stomach acid
A slippery mass of chewed food pushed by the tongue
Which salivary glands contribute enzymes to begin chemical digestion in the mouth?
Adrenal, pituitary, thyroid glands
Brunner’s, Peyer’s, Lieberkühn glands
Pancreatic, hepatic, gastric glands
Parotid, sublingual, submandibular glands
What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter during the swallowing process?
Prevents air into the esophagus during breathing
Grinds food before stomach entry
Acts as a one-way door allowing bolus into stomach
Secretes enzymes initiating protein digestion
In the esophagus, transit speed differs for solids and liquids. Which timing is accurate?
Solids and liquids both ~5 sec
Solids: ~1 sec; Liquids: 4–8 sec
Solids: 4–8 sec; Liquids: ~1 sec
Solids: 10–15 sec; Liquids: 4–8 sec
Which statement best describes chyme as it leaves the stomach and enters the duodenum?
A semiliquid mix of partially digested food
A dry bolus of unaltered swallowed materials
A gaseous suspension produced by peristalsis
A fully absorbed solution of nutrients
Which component of gastric juice primarily creates the stomach’s highly acidic environment?
Hydrochloric acid secreted by parietal cells
Amylase secreted in saliva
Bicarbonate ions released by pancreas
Bile acids stored in gallbladder
In the stomach, which combination correctly pairs mechanical action with its function?
Pancreatic juice neutralizes acidic chyme
Trypsinogen initiates carbohydrate digestion
Peristaltic contractions mash and churn food
Segmentation waves emulsify dietary fats
Which enzymes from the stomach contribute mainly to protein and fat breakdown?
Lactase and sucrase
Trypsin and chymotrypsin
Amylase and maltase
Pepsinogen and gastric lipase
When chyme enters the duodenum, what is the immediate signaling outcome for accessory organs?
Spleen mobilizes immune cells
Kidneys excrete excess bicarbonate
Salivary glands increase amylase secretion
Pancreas and gallbladder release digestive juices
Which constituents are found in pancreatic juice to facilitate final breakdown? Select all that apply.
Bile salts to emulsify fats
Bicarbonate ions to neutralize acidity
Amylase to hydrolyze carbohydrates
Trypsinogen to target proteins
What is bile’s principal role in the duodenum during digestion?
Neutralizing gastric acid with bicarbonate
Hydrolyzing polysaccharides to monosaccharides
Activating pepsinogen into pepsin
Emulsifying lipids for efficient processing
Within the first 25 cm of the small intestine, food is predominantly reduced to which absorbable units?
Large peptides for further transport
Amino acids from proteins
Monosaccharides from carbohydrates
Emulsified fatty acids from lipids
Which meal composition typically prolongs gastric residence time before chyme enters the duodenum?
Carbohydrate-rich small snacks
Fiber-free liquid meals
High-protein or high-fat meals
Pure monosaccharide solutions
Which statement best explains why microvilli increase nutrient absorption efficiency?
They store fatty acids inside epithelial cells
They massively expand apical surface area
They reduce diffusion distance for gases
They secrete digestive hormones extensively
Less than what fraction of consumed food typically reaches the large intestine, and what is it mostly composed of?
Half, primarily simple sugars
One-fifth, mostly emulsified fats
Less than one-tenth, mostly indigestible fiber
One-third, mainly starch residues
Which statements about the large intestine microbiome are accurate? Select all that apply.
Many microbes help break down fiber
Most resident bacteria are harmful pathogens
Microbial cells can outnumber human cells
Microbiota produce useful compounds
Approximately how long after entering the colon are indigestible residues and bacteria formed into feces for elimination?
About 36 hours
About 16 hours
About 8 hours
About 4 hours
Which statement best describes metabolic homeostasis in humans?
A hormonal surge that speeds cellular respiration
A condition where energy intake exceeds energy use
A steady state where energy intake equals energy output
A temporary spike in blood glucose after meals
After absorption, which organ serves as the first checkpoint for most nutrients?
Pancreas for insulin secretion
Small intestine for peristalsis
Kidneys for filtration
Liver for nutrient regulation
During the fed state after a meal, what does the liver primarily do?
Converts all lipids to ketone bodies
Takes up and stores incoming nutrients
Oxidizes amino acids immediately
Exports stored fuels to tissues
In the fasted state between meals, the liver’s dominant role is to:
Sequester glucose to lower blood sugar
Export stored nutrients to supply energy
Convert ethanol into triglycerides
Increase bile production for digestion
Which statement about the delivery of nutrients to the liver is accurate?
All macronutrients share the same route
Glucose and amino acids travel via lymphatics
Lipids reach the liver directly by portal blood
Glucose and amino acids go by blood vessels
Which description correctly defines a calorie in scientific terms?
Heat to raise 1 kilogram of water 1°C
Energy to raise 1 gram of water 1°C
Work to move 1 mole of glucose 1 cm
Power needed to heat 100 mL water 10°C
Food label Calories are best interpreted as:
Therms of metabolic heat production
Kilocalories, one thousand small calories
Net ATP molecules per serving
Exact joules used by mitochondria
Which macronutrient provides the highest energy per gram?
Alcohol at 7 kcal per gram
Carbohydrates at 4 kcal per gram
Fat at 9 kcal per gram
Protein at 4 kcal per gram
A yogurt contains 15 g of protein and 80 kcal total. How many kilocalories come from protein, and what fraction of total energy is that?
30 kcal, which is 38% of total
60 kcal, which is 75% of total
45 kcal, which is 56% of total
75 kcal, which is 94% of total
Select all true statements about routes of nutrient transport to the liver.
Amino acids are carried directly by blood vessels
All nutrients bypass the liver initially
Glucose reaches the liver via portal blood
Dietary lipids primarily travel through lymphatics
Which mechanism most directly explains symptoms in GERD?
Colon spasms push acid into stomach
Pancreatic enzymes overproduce acid
Hyperactive pyloric sphincter prevents emptying
Weak lower esophageal sphincter allows reflux
A patient has heartburn more than twice weekly with acidic contents leaking into the esophagus. What condition fits best?
Peptic ulcer disease
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Irritable bowel syndrome
Celiac sprue
Which are common dietary triggers that can worsen GERD symptoms?
High-fiber vegetables
Alcohol and garlic
Spicy and fried foods
Chocolate and caffeine
Which management strategy is recommended for GERD?
Add high-fat foods to neutralize acid
Increase meal size, lie down after eating
Rely solely on fiber supplements
Eat smaller meals, avoid triggers
Which statement best distinguishes IBS from GERD?
IBS is cured by surgery on the LES
IBS causes colon spasms without structural damage
IBS is defined by acid leaking into the esophagus
IBS primarily affects the esophagus and sphincter
Common IBS symptoms include which combination?
Heartburn and regurgitation
Constipation and/or diarrhea
Colon muscle spasms
Abdominal pain and bloating
Which factors commonly contribute to IBS development or flares?
Psychological stress
Rapid eating habits
Permanent colon damage
Unbalanced diet
Recommended IBS management often involves which steps?
Routine acid-suppressing therapy
Keeping a food journal
Managing stress
Eating slower and adding fiber
Which mechanism best explains tissue injury in celiac disease when gluten is ingested?
Bacterial overgrowth erodes epithelial barrier
Direct toxin damages enterocytes rapidly
Autoantibodies attack intestinal villus cells
Pancreatic enzymes digest mucosal lining
Villus destruction in celiac disease most directly leads to which outcome?
Enhanced micronutrient bioavailability
Malabsorption of iron and folate
Accelerated colonic transit time
Increased gastric acid secretion
Which pair lists grains containing the protein that triggers celiac autoimmunity?
Rice and corn
Wheat and barley
Quinoa and millet
Buckwheat and amaranth
Why is celiac disease described as an iceberg in clinical presentations?
Most cases are rapidly fatal
Diagnosis usually occurs in infancy
Visible symptoms always exceed damage
Many individuals have silent intestinal injury
Which statement about treating celiac disease is most accurate?
High-fat diets protect intestinal mucosa
Lifelong strict gluten avoidance allows healing
Antibiotics clear gluten toxicity
Intermittent fasting reverses villus loss
Which complications are classically linked to chronic villus damage from celiac disease? Select all that apply.
Hyperthyroidism from iodine excess
Cholelithiasis from bile supersaturation
Anemia due to iron and folate deficiency
Osteoporosis from low Vitamin D absorption
Which are modifiable risk factors for diverticulitis? Select all that apply.
Advanced age only
High consumption of red meat
Habitual low-fiber intake
Smoking in regular amounts
How does a high‑fiber diet physiologically aid colon function in diverticular disease?
Decreases peristalsis intensity
Raises luminal acidity markedly
Increases stool bulk and softness
Reduces stool bulk and hardness
Which prevention strategy most effectively reduces progression from benign polyp to colon cancer?
Regular colonoscopies after 50
Annual barium enemas after 30
Prophylactic antibiotics monthly
Routine stool fasting weekly
What are modifiable risk factors for colon cancer emphasized in the lesson? Select all that apply.
High altitude residence
Excessive alcohol consumption
Low fiber and high fat diet
Sedentary lifestyle behaviors
Which dietary approach is recommended to lower colon cancer risk and support colon cell health?
Ultra‑low carbohydrate ketogenic
Fruits, vegetables, whole grains
High sodium and low potassium
Refined grains and processed meats
Which concept from the conclusion links everyday choices to digestive system resilience?
Balanced diet with fiber, prebiotics, probiotics
Calorie tracking guarantees cure
Eliminating all plant foods prevents disease
Intermittent fasting eliminates microbiome
Which statement captures the role of knowledge highlighted in the conclusion section?
Understanding physiology enables informed decisions
Nutrition lacks influence on gut health
Only genetics determines digestive outcomes
Medical devices replace lifestyle choices
