Choose the best answer: There is always some friction when two ................. objects move relative to one another.

Choose the best answer: More force is needed to overcome friction than the force required to maintain a constant speed when the objects are already in .................

Choose the best answer: Generally speaking, the ................. the surfaces, the lower the friction.

Choose the best answer: Friction can be reduced by ................. and by good design.

Choose the best answer: Before being pumped to the relevant parts of the engine, oil must be passed through a ................. in order to remove dirt.

Choose the best answer: MEMS concerns tiny, three-dimensional systems ranging from 1 to 10,000 ................. in size.

Choose the best answer: MEMS are usually a mixture of electronic and mechanical ................. parts.

Choose the best answer: In terms of design, MEMS devices are made using similar techniques to those used to make silicon .................

Choose the best answer: Compared with MEMS, nanotechnology has even smaller scales, down to a ................. of a meter.

Choose the best answer: An interesting thing about nanotechnology is that by manipulating materials on an extremely small scale, their ................. can actually be changed.

Conductivity, strength and viscosity can be modified if we can work at scales of less than 100 ______.

________ in cars are triggered by an accelerometer which is often a MEMS device.

Both Nintendo Wii and the Apple iPhone include tiny MEMS ______ which make them respond as they are moved or shaken.

If a system works well every time it is used, it has good ______.

One problem with fuel cells is short ______: the cars are not able to travel very far.

An engine which combines an internal combustion engine with an electric motor is called a ______.

The value ______ is the ratio work done: energy required to do the work.

A ______ is usually used as the direct power source for electrical systems.

A ______ braking system recycles kinetic energy from the brakes.

Researchers test the battery ______ under different operating conditions.

By making a ______, you can test and change the final production version.

Internal combustion engines often have a large ______ to overcome drag.

Broadly, ______ means using the earth’s natural resources responsibly to meet current and future needs without harming the environment.

The planet’s resources are …………………, as we have limited land, energy and water resources which must be shared amongst the earth’s population.

Oil, coal and natural gas, or methane, are the chief suspects, the unsustainable modern-day ………………… which help us do the tasks that would otherwise require manual labour.

………………… energy sources, such as wind, tidal and solar power, have a big part to play, with nuclear power as a potentially important interim solution.

The designer should consider how the disposing of the product will be able to sell it on for another use, as a valuable …………………

Another area where there is huge scope for engineering creativity is in water and …………………, which is sometimes abbreviated to ‘watsan’.

Well-constructed water supply and ………………… systems can significantly reduce life-threatening diseases.

Match the words (1–10) with their synonyms (a–k). Options: a. size; b. sensor; c. device; d. use; e. resistant; f. technique; g. property; h. examination; i. tiny; j. synthesis; k. particle. Which synonym matches application?

Match the words (1–10) with their synonyms (a–k). Options: a. size; b. sensor; c. device; d. use; e. resistant; f. technique; g. property; h. examination; i. tiny; j. synthesis; k. particle. Which synonym matches atom?

Match the words (1–10) with their synonyms (a–k). Options: a. size; b. sensor; c. device; d. use; e. resistant; f. technique; g. property; h. examination; i. tiny; j. synthesis; k. particle. Which synonym matches characteristic?

Match the words (1–10) with their synonyms (a–k). Options: a. size; b. sensor; c. device; d. use; e. resistant; f. technique; g. property; h. examination; i. tiny; j. synthesis; k. particle. Which synonym matches component?

Match the words (1–10) with their synonyms (a–k). Options: a. size; b. sensor; c. device; d. use; e. resistant; f. technique; g. property; h. examination; i. tiny; j. synthesis; k. particle. Which synonym matches detector?

Match the words (1–10) with their synonyms (a–k). Options: a. size; b. sensor; c. device; d. use; e. resistant; f. technique; g. property; h. examination; i. tiny; j. synthesis; k. particle. Which synonym matches method?

Match the words (1–10) with their synonyms (a–k). Options: a. size; b. sensor; c. device; d. use; e. resistant; f. technique; g. property; h. examination; i. tiny; j. synthesis; k. particle. Which synonym matches mixture?

Match the words (1–10) with their synonyms (a–k). Options: a. size; b. sensor; c. device; d. use; e. resistant; f. technique; g. property; h. examination; i. tiny; j. synthesis; k. particle. Which synonym matches nano?

Match the words (1–10) with their synonyms (a–k). Options: a. size; b. sensor; c. device; d. use; e. resistant; f. technique; g. property; h. examination; i. tiny; j. synthesis; k. particle. Which synonym matches repellent?

Match the words (1–10) with their synonyms (a–k). Options: a. size; b. sensor; c. device; d. use; e. resistant; f. technique; g. property; h. examination; i. tiny; j. synthesis; k. particle. Which synonym matches scale?

Using the word bank (kinetic; friction; resistance; maximum; in contact; coefficient; applied; magnitude; static; value; ratio), choose the synonym for amount.

Using the word bank (kinetic; friction; resistance; maximum; in contact; coefficient; applied; magnitude; static; value; ratio), choose the synonym for touching.

Using the word bank (kinetic; friction; resistance; maximum; in contact; coefficient; applied; magnitude; static; value; ratio), choose the synonym for not moving.

Using the word bank (kinetic; friction; resistance; maximum; in contact; coefficient; applied; magnitude; static; value; ratio), choose the synonym for moving.

Using the word bank (kinetic; friction; resistance; maximum; in contact; coefficient; applied; magnitude; static; value; ratio), choose the synonym for size.

Using the word bank (kinetic; friction; resistance; maximum; in contact; coefficient; applied; magnitude; static; value; ratio), choose the synonym for used.

Using the word bank (kinetic; friction; resistance; maximum; in contact; coefficient; applied; magnitude; static; value; ratio), choose the synonym for relationship.

Using the word bank (kinetic; friction; resistance; maximum; in contact; coefficient; applied; magnitude; static; value; ratio), choose the synonym for greatest.

Using the word bank (kinetic; friction; resistance; maximum; in contact; coefficient; applied; magnitude; static; value; ratio), choose the synonym for movement against.

Using the word bank (kinetic; friction; resistance; maximum; in contact; coefficient; applied; magnitude; static; value; ratio), choose the synonym for measurement.

The coefficient of friction, μ, is a scalar value. It is the ______ between the normal force, N, of one object on another and the force of resistance, R.

This ratio differs according to the materials ______.

A rubber tyre on a road has a high ______, whereas a piston inside a cylinder has a low one.

There are two basic kinds of ______.

Static friction is what makes stationary objects difficult to move. The direction of this force is along the contact surface and it is equal and opposite to the ______ force.

The magnitude of the ______ friction force is given by Fs = μsN, where μs is the coefficient of friction.

In Fs = μsN, N is the normal ______.

______ (or dynamic) friction is created by movement. The direction of this force is opposite to the direction of motion of object.

The ______ of the kinetic friction force is given by Fk = μkN.

The kinetic friction force is less than the ______ static friction force.

Choose the best answer to complete the text from A technology to improve car efficiency: Electric cars have huge advantages: no fuel tank, oil pump or (1) ....; no valves, cams, fan belts or clutch, like in an internal combustion engine.

Choose the best answer to complete the text from A technology to improve car efficiency: All this means that an electric car is very (2) .... under the hood; all it needs is a battery.

Choose the best answer to complete the text from A technology to improve car efficiency: However, looking at it another way, there are serious drawbacks. First of all, batteries are currently not as good a (3) .... as petrol fuel itself — they are quite heavy for the amount of energy they store.

Choose the best answer to complete the text from A technology to improve car efficiency: The idea of regenerative (4) .... goes some way to solving this.

Choose the best answer to complete the text from A technology to improve car efficiency: You are driving for a long time on a road with a lot of bends. When the brakes are applied, there is a lot of (5) .... energy going to waste as the vehicle slows down.

Choose the best answer to complete the text from A technology to improve car efficiency: The friction in the brakes generate energy in the form of (6) .... that just dissipates into the air.

Choose the best answer to complete the text from A technology to improve car efficiency: In (7) .... terms, this is a huge waste.

Choose the best answer to complete the text from A technology to improve car efficiency: To tackle this issue, in a hybrid or electric car, that energy is converted into (8) .... by the motor (running as a generator) and stored in a battery.

Choose the best answer to complete the text from A technology to improve car efficiency: In this way, every time we (9) ...., energy is stored for later use in the electric motor.

Choose the best answer to complete the text from A technology to improve car efficiency: The point is that by using the (10) .... of the car to produce the power source, efficiency increases significantly.

Complete the description below, using words given in the diagram. First of all, a (1) … is transformed into a thin sheet of lithium through the use of an extrusion press. Which word completes blank (1)?

Complete the description below, using words given in the diagram. The lithium sheet is then combined with a (2) … as well as a metal oxide cathode. Which word completes blank (2)?

Complete the description below, using words given in the diagram. In order to stop the lithium sticking to itself, a (3) … is added during the laminating process. Which word completes blank (3)?

Complete the description below, using words given in the diagram. This cell is baked in an (4) … for an hour and a half. Which word completes blank (4)?

Use only the words in the box: water, electrolyte, cathode, electric power, hydrogen, emission. In the diagram titled How a fuel cell works, choose the correct word to fill blank 1 at the center where the membrane separates the hydrogen side from the oxygen side.

Use only the words in the box: water, electrolyte, cathode, electric power, hydrogen, emission. In the diagram titled How a fuel cell works, choose the correct word to fill blank 2 at the top on the oxygen side where the reaction surface is labeled Catalyst.

Use only the words in the box: water, electrolyte, cathode, electric power, hydrogen, emission. In the diagram titled How a fuel cell works, choose the correct word to fill blank 3 near the droplet shown on the right side output.

Use only the words in the box: water, electrolyte, cathode, electric power, hydrogen, emission. In the diagram titled How a fuel cell works, choose the correct word to fill blank 4 near the blue lightning bolt and plus sign at the bottom right.

Use only the words in the box: water, electrolyte, cathode, electric power, hydrogen, emission. In the diagram titled How a fuel cell works, choose the correct word to fill blank 5 near the orange lightning bolt and minus sign at the bottom left, adjacent to the excess H2 label.

In the circular product lifecycle diagram, select the correct label for the stage shown with an excavator digging earth at the bottom left.

In the circular product lifecycle diagram, select the correct label for the stage shown with a factory emitting steam on the left side.

In the circular product lifecycle diagram, select the correct label for the stage shown with curbside pickup of items near parked cars at the top.

In the circular product lifecycle diagram, select the correct label for the stage shown with a dump truck unloading waste at the bottom right.

In the circular product lifecycle diagram, select the correct label for the stage shown with a green recycling bin near the center-right.

Complete the text using the words given in the box: financial, renewable, emissions, environment, finite, resources, products, changes, recycled, energy. The word sustainability can be difficult to define. Broadly, it means using the Earth's natural ______ responsibly, to meet current and future needs without harming the environment.

Complete the text using the words given in the box: financial, renewable, emissions, environment, finite, resources, products, changes, recycled, energy. Broadly, sustainability means using the Earth's natural resources responsibly, to meet current and future needs without harming the ______.

Complete the text using the words given in the box: financial, renewable, emissions, environment, finite, resources, products, changes, recycled, energy. This is a difficult undertaking, since many of our resources are ______.

Complete the text using the words given in the box: financial, renewable, emissions, environment, finite, resources, products, changes, recycled, energy. It therefore implies enormous ______ in how we use these resources and care for the environment.

Complete the text using the words given in the box: financial, renewable, emissions, environment, finite, resources, products, changes, recycled, energy. Sustainable development means considering environmental and social factors, as well as ______ ones.

Complete the text using the words given in the box: financial, renewable, emissions, environment, finite, resources, products, changes, recycled, energy. Many problems of unsustainable growth relate to the ______ engineers have designed and produced.

Complete the text using the words given in the box: financial, renewable, emissions, environment, finite, resources, products, changes, recycled, energy. Engineers have a key role to play in the areas of ______ use, materials, waste and water.

Complete the text using the words given in the box: financial, renewable, emissions, environment, finite, resources, products, changes, recycled, energy. Engineers are now developing ______ energy technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Complete the text using the words given in the box: financial, renewable, emissions, environment, finite, resources, products, changes, recycled, energy. Engineers are working to reduce greenhouse gas ______ which lead to climate change.

Complete the text using the words given in the box: financial, renewable, emissions, environment, finite, resources, products, changes, recycled, energy. They are redesigning products to reduce waste by exploiting the potential of ______ materials.

Complete the summary, using the given words (A to E) in the box: A characteristics; B motion; C hindrance; D operation; E occurrence. Once two touching objects are in (1) _______ against each other, a force is generated that opposes the movement of the object; this force is known as friction.

Complete the summary, using the given words (A to E) in the box: A characteristics; B motion; C hindrance; D operation; E occurrence. Friction is a prevalent (2) _______ in all machinery and is typically viewed as a _______ to a machine's efficiency.

Complete the summary, using the given words (A to E) in the box: A characteristics; B motion; C hindrance; D operation; E occurrence. Friction is a prevalent occurrence in all machinery and is typically viewed as a (3) _______ to a machine's efficiency.

Complete the summary, using the given words (A to E) in the box: A characteristics; B motion; C hindrance; D operation; E occurrence. However, there are instances when friction is essential for the proper (4) _______ of a machine.

Complete the summary, using the given words (A to E) in the box: A characteristics; B motion; C hindrance; D operation; E occurrence. While the impact of friction on an engineering system is influenced by the specific (5) _______ of the materials in contact, certain principles remain universally applicable to all materials.

Choose ONE word from the reading passage above to complete the information below. Friction always exists in (6) _______ motion.

Choose ONE word from the reading passage above to complete the information below. (7) _______ force needed to overcome inertia.

Choose ONE word from the reading passage above to complete the information below. (8) _______ surfaces reduce friction.

Choose ONE word from the reading passage above to complete the information below. Friction reduction through (9) _______.

Answer using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage: Why does friction increase?

Answer using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage: What can be added to reduce friction?

Answer using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage: What requires lubrication in an engine?

Answer using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage: What causes pitting in components?

Answer using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage: Besides tyres, what dissipates energy in cars?

From Paragraph A of the passage "A sustainable future – the challenge for engineering": Sustainable development is about improving the standard of living in a way that can be maintained in the long term and must consider more than financial issues. Which combination best represents the 'triple bottom line' that projects should consider?

From Paragraph A: The example about digging a well for a village illustrates a requirement of sustainable development. What key point does this example emphasize?

From Paragraph B: The passage states that the planet’s resources are finite and estimates the impact if everyone used the same amount of energy as someone living in the UK. According to the passage, what would be required to live that way sustainably?

From Paragraph C: It is widely recognized that human-induced greenhouse gas emissions, mainly due to the combustion of fossilized hydrocarbons, are changing atmospheric composition and increasing the earth’s average temperature. Which consequence of a global average temperature rise of even $$2^\circ$$ C is explicitly mentioned in the passage?

From Paragraph C: The physics of planetary temperature balance were first understood nearly 200 years ago by a named mathematician. Who does the passage credit with this understanding?

From Paragraph C: The passage identifies the chief suspects responsible for unsustainable modern energy use that powers transportation, homes and lighting. Which set matches those chief suspects?

From Paragraph D: Engineers must meet urgent challenges for sustainable energy production and use. Which actions are described as contributing to demand reduction? Select all that apply.

Match the correct heading (I–VI) to Paragraph E from the reading passage. Paragraph E: "Another area where engineers have an important role is in the way that materials are used. Most products are designed with a ‘cradle to grave’ life in mind, that is to say they begin as some raw material (for example, aluminium) and end up as a product (such as a drinks can), which is then discarded into a landfill site. A tremendous amount of energy and effort has gone into the manufacturing of the product, and at the end of its life it is no longer useful. This situation does not exist in the natural world, where decaying plant and animal matter becomes food for other plants, animals and organisms. Engineers should try to copy this ‘cradle to cradle’ idea, which is an approach where products are still useful at the end of their lives. A radical shift is required in how products are designed by engineers. This process is sometimes called ‘eco-design’ or ‘green design’. For example, materials should be sourced from other ‘dead products’ rather than fresh sources. The designer should consider how those disposing of the product will be able to sell it on for another use, as a valuable commodity." Choose the best heading from the list of headings (I–VI).

Match the correct heading (I–VI) to Paragraph F from the reading passage. Paragraph F: "A final area where there is huge scope for engineering creativity is in water and sanitation, which is sometimes abbreviated to ‘watsan’. It was engineers who, in 19th century Victorian Britain, constructed the water supply and sewerage systems that enabled London to be significantly cleaner and less disease-ridden. The principles of good water supply and sanitation have been known since Roman times. Yet, many in the world still go without clean water, and there are large inequalities between water use from country to country. Innovative, cheap, appropriate solutions to give people access to clean water are in great need." Choose the best heading from the list of headings (I–VI).

Match the correct heading (I–VI) to Paragraph G from the reading passage. Paragraph G: "In summary, the situation on our planet is currently unsustainable. Human beings are ‘living on the capital rather than the interest’. A range of urgent changes is required if the effects of catastrophic climate change, over-use of resources and widespread pollution are to be avoided. Engineering has a key role to play in many areas, including energy, materials, waste, and water and sanitation." Choose the best heading from the list of headings (I–VI).

In the table titled Engineering and water-sanitation solution, select the paragraph label shown in the first row under the Paragraphs column.

In the same table, identify the paragraph label listed in the second row under the Paragraphs column.

According to the table, which paragraph label appears in the third row under the Paragraphs column?

From the table, choose the paragraph label shown in the fourth row under the Paragraphs column.

Identify the paragraph label presented in the fifth row under the Paragraphs column in the table.

Which paragraph label is shown in the sixth row under the Paragraphs column of the table?

Select the paragraph label that appears in the seventh row under the Paragraphs column.

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage above? Choose True if the statement agrees with the information, False if the statement contradicts the information, or Not Given if there is no information on this: Sustainable growth must be based on three factors: economic, social and environmental.

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage above? Choose True if the statement agrees with the information, False if the statement contradicts the information, or Not Given if there is no information on this: People in the UK use 8.5 times more energy than people in other countries.

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage above? Choose True if the statement agrees with the information, False if the statement contradicts the information, or Not Given if there is no information on this: The burning of fossil fuels has led to an increase of $$2^{\circ}$$ C in global temperatures.

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage above? Choose True if the statement agrees with the information, False if the statement contradicts the information, or Not Given if there is no information on this: Nuclear power is a long-term answer to sustainable energy production.

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage above? Choose True if the statement agrees with the information, False if the statement contradicts the information, or Not Given if there is no information on this: The design concept of a man-made product often contradicts the natural recycling process.

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage above? Choose True if the statement agrees with the information, False if the statement contradicts the information, or Not Given if there is no information on this: In the past, engineers were unable to build water supply systems for use.

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage above? Choose True if the statement agrees with the information, False if the statement contradicts the information, or Not Given if there is no information on this: The Romans were the first people to know how to produce clean water.

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage above? Choose True if the statement agrees with the information, False if the statement contradicts the information, or Not Given if there is no information on this: Humans, in general, are upsetting the sustainability of the earth.