Kristalina Georgieva became the managing director of this agency in 2019 after Dominique Strauss-Kahn resigned amid personal scandal. Name this financial focused U.N. agency.

This man perfected a 6- to 15-couplet verse form called the ghazal. As his pen name indicates, he learned the Qur'an by heart. Who was this court poet to several Persian rulers, whose masterpiece was the Divān?

Painters achieve this technique using heat guns, heat lamps, or electric irons instead of burning torches. Ancient Greeks invented the technique, which melds pigments to a wall or wood panel and heats pigments mixed with wax. Name this process.

In 1937, Karl Landsteiner and Alexander Wiener discovered a new protein on the exterior surface of red blood cells that can produce an undesired immune response during blood transfusions and pregnancy. Landsteiner and Wiener dubbed the antigen the Rh factor after what animal on which they were experimenting when they made their discovery?

Suppose set A contains the prime numbers less than 20 and set B contains the odd numbers greater than 10. How many elements are in the intersection of sets A and B?

The "Four Pillars" of this American political party’s platform include Democracy, Peace, Social Justice, and Ecology. Give the name of this left-leaning party which nominated Howie Hawkins for president in 2020, and Jill Stein in 2012 and 2016.

This writer of the Ciceronian period created a poem from the philosophies of Epicurus. In six books, that work covers sense perception, thunder and lightning, and the soul's construction from atoms. Identify the author of On the Nature of Things.

This painter of Christ on the Sea of Galilee created a series of works on the theme of the lion hunt. A North African trip inspired Women of Algiers in Their Apartment and Jewish Wedding in Morocco. Identify this Romantic artist of Massacre at Chios and The Death of Sardanapalus.

This term refers to the internal pressure that results from the storage of water within a plant cell. When the cell becomes dehydrated, this pressure decreases, and the plant wilts. Name this pressure, which also aids in transporting nutrients against gravity from the plant's roots to its leaves and other structures.

Productivism applied this art movement's aesthetics to theater, film, textile and graphic design, fashion, and photography. An offshoot of Suprematism, it emerged around the time of the Russian Revolution, but Soviet Realism eventually replaced it. What was this modern art movement founded by Vladimir Tatlin?

In 1904, the Kentucky legislature directly targeted this college with the Day Law, which legally banned the co-education of white and Black students within the same school. A legal case between this school and Kentucky reached the U.S. Supreme Court, resulting in a landmark decision in November 1908, upholding the law. Identify this college located in Madison County, Kentucky.

This poet's romance Erec provided some of the material for Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Among his other Arthurian works were Yvain, the Knight with the Lion, and Perceval, or the Tale of the Grail. Who wrote Lancelot, or the Knight of the Cart?

If 5 equals the square root of the quantity, 4X minus 7, close quantity, what is the value of X?

This carnivorous beast can track its prey by sensing the electrical impulses from its muscle contractions and uses venom to kill or incapacitate its quarry. It is the only extant species of monotreme that is not classified as an echidna. Name this semiaquatic, egg-laying mammal, native to Australia, discovered to glow under a blacklight in 2020.

The completion of this skyscraper, whose name means "independence," is scheduled for mid-2023. Its spire will allow it to pass Landmark 81 as Southeast Asia's second-tallest building. Identify this Kuala Lumpur structure, which will be the earth's second-tallest building.

This organelle is found in almost all eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to transport materials throughout the cell, and it is also responsible for protein folding. Name this organelle, which is divided into smooth and rough sections.

Introduced in the 1902 work Human Nature and the Social Order, this term was coined by American sociologist Charles Horton Cooley to explain how one develops an image of oneself based on their perception of how others view them. Give the term for this concept which compares the process of developing a self-image to looking into a mirror.

In this unfinished story, the Tartar king Cambuscan receives four enchanted gifts: a flying brass horse, a ring that interprets birds' speech, and a mirror that warns of future dangers. Identify this unfinished Canterbury Tale recounted by the Knight's son.

State your answer as an expanded polynomial. If a square has a length of quantity $$3x + 5$$ , in square units, what is the area of the square, in terms of $$x$$ ?

Consider the function F of X equal to 5 times the square root of the quantity, X plus 9, close quantity, minus 4. What is the Y-intercept on the graph of F of X?

Some types of viruses do not enter the cell nucleus to begin replication. Instead, they carry an enzyme that produces messenger RNA, which the cell's ribosomes use to construct the proteins necessary to assemble new copies of the virus. Name the area of the cell, external to the nucleus, where viruses like rhinovirus and pox viruses replicate themselves.

Seventeen of this man's projects, including Tokyo's National Museum of Western Art and Marseille's Unité d'habitation, are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. He wrote Towards a New Architecture and scaled architectural elements to human stature in his "modulor" concept. Name this architect of the Villa Savoye.

President Lyndon B. Johnson once stated that the cause of this condition is "our failure to give our fellow citizens a fair chance." The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 was passed as part of Johnson’s "War" to end this condition. Give the term for the economic state in which an individual or family lacks the financial resources to adequately meet their basic needs.

This man wrote secular dramas called comedias for the theater while simultaneously producing religious allegories for the church. He invented the zarzuela and dramatized a Babylonian warrior queen's life in The Daughter of the Air. Identify this Spanish Golden Age playwright of Life Is a Dream.

In sheet music, this Italian word calls for the strongest, loudest type of accent on a note, abbreviated as a lowercase s-f. What is this word for "forced"?

This author of "The Gleaner" column for Massachusetts Magazine edited her second husband's Letters and Sketches of Sermons. Her second play, The Traveller Returned, failed in both critical and commercial arenas. Who was this playwright of The Medium, or A Happy Tea Party?

The Sea of Marmara connects this much larger sea to the Aegean Sea. Lying on this sea are the resort cities of Sochi and Yalta. In what sea does the Crimean Peninsula lie?

Consider the equation $$\ln(e^{-2X}) = 8$$ . What is the value of X?

This ecological issue is especially prominent in developing countries, where harmful materials such as lead, cadmium, and beryllium often end up in landfills instead of being recycled or properly disposed of. Increasing consumer demand, combined with shorter product development cycles and environmentally unfriendly policies like planned obsolescence exacerbate the issue. Give this term that refers to discarding used electrical and electronic devices, often in ways that are harmful to humans and their environments.

The term for this type of feudal lord means “large private land” in Japanese. Give the term for the powerful Japanese landholders who, for centuries, hired servants known as samurai to claim more land and power for themselves independent of the shogunate or emperor.

This one-time music director of St. Mark's in Venice composed The Return of Ulysses to His Country and The Coronation of Poppea. He wrote emotional, polyphonic madrigals but is better remembered for advancing a different secular musical form. Identify this composer of one of the first great operas, Orfeo.

This process refers to the rapid oxidation of a substance, producing carbon dioxide, water, and energy, usually light and heat. It is a key process for many methods of producing electricity and energy for purposes such as transportation. Name this reaction, which can lead to catastrophic consequences if left uncontrolled.

What is the simplified result when sine, squared, of 30 degrees is added to cosine, squared, of 30 degrees? $$\sin^2(30^\circ)+\cos^2(30^\circ)$$

This man gave his work The Round Table the subtitle A Collection of Essays on Literature, Men, and Manners. His other nonfiction works included Political Essays, with Sketches of Public Characters and Table-Talk. Who was this 19th-century author of The Spirit of the Age?

Individuals considered to have filled this historical role include Honorius the Second, Innocent the Third, and Clement the Seventh. The last to fill this role was Felix the Fifth, who did so from 1439 to 1449 in opposition to two separate pontiffs. What title is used within the Roman Catholic church to refer to an individual who is reasonably supported as a rival claimant to the papal throne?

Triangle ABC is congruent to triangle XYZ. If the measure of angle A is equal to 45 degrees, and the measure of angle C is equal to 97 degrees, what is the measure of angle Z, in degrees?

Influences on this 1970s and '80s popular music style included punk rock, reggae, funk, and synth pop. Repetitive arrangements, energetic performances, and reliance on keyboards were hallmarks of this style, which reached mainstream appeal through Devo and Elvis Costello. What was this genre of The Eurythmics, The Talking Heads, and Blondie?

In 1861, this author helped Harriet Jacobs publish Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. She herself wrote Flowers for Children, The Freedmen's Book, and An Appeal for the Indians. Identify this abolitionist author of An Appeal in Favor of That Class of Americans Called Africans.

This element is the least dense of any element that is solid at room temperature. It is valued for its use in compact, high powered, rechargeable batteries for consumer electronics, but like other elements in its group, it is highly flammable and reactive. Name this alkali metal which was used in the battery for the Samsung Galaxy Note 7.

In a mixture of different gases, this term refers to the pressure that would be exerted by a single gas in the mixture if that gas occupied the entire volume of the mixture and temperature and volume were held constant. If the gases in the mixture aren't reactive to each other, Dalton's law says the total pressure exerted by the mixture is equal to the sum of these values for every gas in the mixture. Name this property of gasses in a mixture that is equal to the pressure exerted by a single gas times the mole fraction of that gas in the mixture.

The poet Dante Alighieri once served as one of this city's six governing priors, a city from which he was later banished. For nearly three centuries, this city was ruled by a family whose members included such figures as Cosimo the Elder and Lorenzo the Magnificent. Name this Italian city, considered a center of the Renaissance.

A triangle has 3 sides with integer lengths. If the two smaller sides of a triangle have lengths of 49 units and 78 units, what is the largest possible length, in units, of the third side of the triangle?

This author earned the Governor General's Award, Canada's highest literary prize, for St. Urbain's Horseman and Cocksure. He based his most memorable characters on his own family, who were members of Montreal's Jewish community. Name the novelist of The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz.

German name, please. This operetta's title is a nickname for Doctor Falke, who once attended a costume ball dressed as that animal. It ends with Adele and Frosch starting new careers as Rosalinde and Eisenstein decide to remain married. Identify this Johann Strauss the Younger work, whose title translates as "The Bat."

The lengths of the diagonals of a rhombus are 8 and 12 units. What is the area, in square units, of the rhombus?

Lewis Carroll included a "lobster" version of this dance in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Dancers often performed its figure combinations, including the ladies' chain and the two-hand turn, to medleys from operas. What is this dance for four couples in a square?

Beginning with a decree on September 5, 1793, this nearly 11-month long period in European history saw the Committee of Public Safety, led in part by Maximilien de Robespierre, assume control of the French government. What was this particularly bloody phase of the French Revolution?

In this novel, the title man and his wife sell their deaths and lend their fear to others before entering a giant white tree. The pair journeys into the bush of ghosts to retrieve the alcoholic protagonist's personal tapster. Give the title of this Amos Tutuola novel.

This weak organic acid is a particularly effective antioxidant and plays a role in skin and eye health. Because it strengthens leukocytes and stimulates their production, its intake by way of citrus fruits and juices is often a recommended treatment for the common cold. Name this acid, a deficiency of which is responsible for scurvy.

This organic compound is produced through the process of glycolysis. It is composed of ribose, a nitrogenous base, and a polyphosphate. Name this compound that provides the energy to support many biological processes in living organisms.

This author published oral histories of women and children during World War Two under the titles War's Unwomanly Face and Last Witnesses. Among her other nonfiction works are Zinky Boys, Enchanted by Death, Chernobyl Prayer, and Secondhand Time. Name this Belarusian investigative journalist and Nobel laureate.

This man's Broadway choreography credits include Hands on a Hardbody, The Addams Family, and Jersey Boys. He earned an Olivier Award for choreographing Memphis and a Tony nomination for his work on On Your Feet! Name this Tony-winning choreographer of Ain't Too Proud.

Three-word answer required. Authorities required those hoping to participate in this event to bring enough equipment and supplies to last one year. The thousands of so-called “stampeders” who did participate faced treacherous conditions with very few ever reaching the boomtown of Dawson City. Name this event which began following a discovery of precious metals on August 17, 1896.

What is the area of a triangle, in square units, if the lengths of the sides of the triangle are 4 units, 4 units, and 6 units?

Line AB is tangent to circle O with point C being the point of tangency. What is the measure, in degrees, of angle ACO?

This term refers to the amount of force needed to cause motion between two solid surfaces that are in contact with each other. For rolling objects, the term also refers to the amount of force required to cause the object to begin sliding instead of rolling at the expected rate. Give this term that accounts for the effectiveness of anti-lock braking systems on automobiles.

This man presented introductions to philosophy in his books Way to Wisdom and Philosophy of Existence. He examined his contemporary society and made predictions for the future in Man in the Modern Age. Name this psychiatrist and author of Socrates, Buddha, Confucius, Jesus.

A long and severe example of one of these periods affected much of the modern-day western United States from 1276 to 1299, greatly affecting many of the cultures that then thrived in the area. What type of climatic period forced the migration of such peoples as the Hohokam and Ancestral Pueblo due its effects on those cultures’ agriculture?

From the mid- to late 1930s, this man collaborated with W. H. Auden on three plays. Those dramas were On the Frontier, The Dog Beneath the Skin, and The Ascent of F6. Name this creator of Sally Bowles in The Berlin Stories, which inspired the musical Cabaret.

The equation of an ellipse is $$10X^2 + 25Y^2 = 250$$ . What is the length of the major axis of the ellipse?

Leading a small crew aboard the vessel Matthew, this explorer made landfall in the New World on June 24, 1497, landing in modern day Canada. His voyage to the North American coast was the first documented instance of a European exploring the area in some five centuries. Identify this Italian-born navigator who sailed on behalf of King Henry the Seventh of England.

This founder of the Kenyon Review taught at his alma mater, Vanderbilt, for over two decades. With other Agrarians, he co-wrote I’ll Take My Stand, but worked alone on poetry collections like The World’s Body and God Without Thunder. Give the name of this leader of The Fugitives.

Nicknamed the "morning star of the Reformation," this man was brought to trial before the bishop of London and the archbishop of Canterbury. The nobles stopped supporting him after his teachings inspired the Peasants’ Revolt of 1381. Name this man, who inspired the first full English biblical translation and whose followers were called Lollards.

This theorem defines the maximum efficiency that can be achieved by any heat engine. Further, the theorem holds that any reversible heat engine operating between two temperature reservoirs has the same efficiency as any other reversible heat engine operating between the same two reservoirs, regardless of the engine’s design. What is this theorem, named for the French engineer who proposed it in 1824?

Some ancient Romans conflated this goddess with Neriō, the personification of valor, while others connected her with the Greek Enyō. Artists showed her wearing armor and a helmet, and her temple stood in the Campus Martius. Identify this Roman war goddess.

This man was the first repeat winner of the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel. One of those award-winning novels was the second installment in his Growth trilogy, while the other charts the title woman’s social climbing aspirations. Name this author of The Magnificent Ambersons and Alice Adams.

One of the five original Supreme Court associate justices, this man left the court in 1791 but returned four years later to serve as the court’s chief justice. This jurist served in that role for less than five months because his appointment was not confirmed by the Senate. Identify the former South Carolina governor who succeeded John Jay as the young country’s second chief justice.

State your answer as a fraction. A survey is conducted of 100 students that wear corrective vision devices. Of the 100 students, 60 were male, 20 of which wore glasses and 40 of which wore contacts. Of the 40 females, 25 wore glasses and 15 wore contacts. If one student is selected at random from those surveyed, what is the probability that given the student wears glasses, that the student is a male?

For sound waves, this measure determines the pitch of the sound. For electromagnetic waves on the visible spectrum, it determines the color of the light observed. Name this characteristic of waves, defined as the number of oscillations completed in a given unit of time.

A set of data includes the values 10, 17, 15, 12, 16, and 15. What is the interquartile range of the data?

Of the eleven states which seceded from the Union, this state was the last to be permanently readmitted. What southern state was readmitted to the Union on July 15, 1870 after having been expelled a year earlier for claiming its constitution did not allow African Americans to serve in its state legislature?

In this short story, a homeless man called Soapy performs two "dine and dashes," vandalizes a shop’s window, and steals an umbrella. He hopes to survive the winter by being arrested and spending three months in jail. Identify this O. Henry story.

In 1924, Sergei Diaghilev produced this composer’s ballet The Houseparty. His second opera, Dialogues of the Carmelites, fictionalized the story of nuns who were guillotined during the Reign of Terror. Name this member of Les Six and composer of The Breasts of Tiresias.

When electricity passes through a conductor with resistance, increasing either the current or the resistance will increase the production of heat. This is a desired effect in devices such as electric heaters and stoves, but a detrimental one in devices such as consumer electronics. Who first described the relationship between current, resistance, and heat in the early 1840s, resulting in a physical law bearing his name and eventually becoming the namesake for the SI unit of energy?

This word is another name for the literary device litotes. It is intentional understatement that belittles someone or something. What is this device that shares its name with the biological process of gamete formation?

While his strong support of racial segregation within the Marine Corps makes him a controversial figure in military history today, he is often praised for his decision in 1943 to allow women to serve as Marines. He is also remembered for being the first Marine to be promoted to the rank of general. Identify this military leader who served as Commandant of the Marine Corps during much of World War Two.

Ancient Romans divided this part of their theaters into ima, media, and summa sections. Its cunei were wedge-shaped divisions separated vertically by stairways. Give the word for Roman theaters’ seating area.

In relativistic physics, this phenomenon is experienced by an individual in motion relative to a stationary observer. It is also experienced by individuals and objects positioned within gravitational fields of varying strengths. Give this term that denotes differences in the passage of time depending on an observer’s velocity and environment.

What is the limit as X approaches $$\pi/4$$ of the quantity $$\sin^2 x$$ ?

Among this director’s credits are Revolutionary Road, Road to Perdition, and Skyfall. Most recently, he directed Empire of Light and, before that, the Best Picture Oscar nominee 1917. Who earned his first and, to date, only Best Director Oscar for American Beauty?

An example of this lesser-known clause type appears in the sentence, "She likes confetti more than I." Clauses in this category have omitted, but implied, words. Identify this kind of clause that shares its name with a piece of exercise equipment.

Suppose that $$f(x) = x$$ and $$g(x) = x^2$$ . What is the area between $$f$$ and $$g$$ ?

This biome characterizes approximately 11.5% of Earth’s land, including much of Russia, Scandinavia, inland Canada, and the northern United States. Its harsh climate typically features temperatures between 23 and 41 degrees Fahrenheit and relatively little precipitation. Name this region characterized by large forests of coniferous trees such as spruce, pine, and larch.

Multiple answer required. On September 26, 1960, these two men met in Chicago, Illinois for the first of four televised appearances together. That first meeting was also the first ever televised debate between two presidential candidates. Identify these two men, one a Massachusetts senator, the other the vice president of the United States.