A relationship that manifests reciprocity of benefits between the organisms involved.

A type of relationship that involves a one‑sided beneficial relationship which usually ends up harmful for one organism.

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true regarding viruses? I. Are cellular organisms, which require host to replicate II. Contain genetic materials required for production of new viruses III. Require the host’s metabolic machinery to transcribe and translate genetic information

This is an example of an anaerobic spore‑forming bacillus.

Which of the following virus families is characterized as a single‑stranded DNA, non‑enveloped virus?

This is characterized as the most complex DNA virus.

This is/are examples of naked DNA viruses: I. Papova II. Adeno III. Parvo

This is/are examples of enveloped DNA viruses: I. Herpes II. Hepadna III. Pox

Most RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm. Which of the following RNA viruses replicate in the nucleus?

Generally RNA viruses are single‑stranded viral organisms. Which of the following is the only double‑stranded RNA virus?

One important generalization for RNA viruses is that they are usually enveloped. Among the RNA viruses there are three which are naked. Which of the following is/are naked RNA viruses? I. Picornavirus II. Reovirus III. Retrovirus

This is a condition where there are small changes in the antigenic structure of an organism which may later result in an epidemic.

This refers to the complete change in the antigenic structure of an organism leading to the synthesis of new antigenic substances that have never been exposed to the human immune system. This may result in a pandemic.

Which of the influenza viruses is isolated in both humans and animals?

This condition results when children with influenza or varicella are given aspirin.

Amantadine used for influenza A infection has been shown to be effective by preventing which step in the viral replication process?

This is/are examples of viruses classified under the Paramyxoviridae family: I. Influenza virus II. Respiratory syncytial virus III. Measles virus

A viral organism well known to involve infection of the parotid gland and testes in males.

Koplik’s spots seen among patients with measles are usually localized in the

This/these statement(s) is/are regarding patients with measles during pregnancy: I. may result in birth defects II. is associated with spontaneous abortions III. may also result in premature labor

Which of the following is/are transmitted via the fecal–oral route? I. Hepatitis A II. Hepatitis B III. Hepatitis C

Which of the following hepatitis viruses is/are examples of RNA virus? I. Hepatitis A II. Hepatitis B III. Hepatitis C

Chickenpox is a common disease of children. It is caused by

Virus associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma.

The first intestinal microorganism to be observed under a microscope is

Which of the following species can be found in the small intestine?

This organism is one of the important causes of severe diarrhea in immunocompromised individuals such as patients with AIDS.

The most common and deadliest Plasmodium.

The organism that is the causative agent of erythema infectiosum in children.

Which of the following belong/s to the group of the arboviruses? I. Bunyaviridae II. Flaviviridae III. Coronaviridae

The presence of this in the serum of patients indicates immunity to Hepatitis B virus.

The presence of this antigen indicates high infectivity and active disease of Hepatitis B virus.

The presence of this in the serum of a patient with hepatitis will ascertain that the patient has an old Hepatitis B infection.

This is a parenterally transmitted (blood-borne) hepatitis which can only replicate and cause infection with the help of Hepatitis B virus.

This/These statement/s is/are true for HSV-1: I. Causes gingivostomatitis II. Causes herpetic keratitis III. An STD

This is/are example of organisms that can cross the placenta: I. Rubeola II. Cytomegalovirus III. Leprosy

This is the arbovirus family from which the dengue fever and yellow fever viruses are classified.

Which of the following viral organism is characteristically associated with Peyer’s patches of the intestines?

This/These statement/s is/are true concerning the polio vaccine: I. Salk vaccine is made of killed-polio viruses II. Sabin vaccine is made of attenuated polio virus III. The vaccine can pick up virulence and cause paralysis

This/These is/are the common viral organism/s: I. Rhinovirus II. Coronavirus III. Flavivirus

Which viral organism has a characteristic bullet-shaped, enveloped, helical nucleocapsid?

This is/are statement(s) pertaining to the rabies virus: I. Brain cells of infected animals and humans contain virions in the cytoplasm called Negri bodies II. Bitten individual should receive human rabies immune globulin (passive immunization) III. Killed rabies virus vaccine (active immunization) is given only as prophylaxis for rabies.

This is also known as the “break bone fever.”

Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms. They may be classified according to their organ for locomotion. Which of the following protozoan has no definite organ for motility?

Member(s) of the phylum Apicomplexa with motile zygote: I. Cryptosporidium II. Plasmodium III. Toxoplasma

This intestinal protozoan/s cause/s severe diarrhea in individuals with defective immune system such as patients with AIDS: I. Giardia II. Isospora III. Cryptosporidium

This is the ingested infective form of protozoan parasites in humans.

This is/are examples of free-living pathogenic amoebae in humans: I. Entamoeba II. Naegleria III. Acanthamoeba

A protozoan with high incidence of infection among campers and backpackers after drinking from clear mountain streams.

This is an experimental drug given for AIDS patients suffering from cryptosporidiosis.

This is the drug of choice in AIDS patients suffering from Isospora belli infection.

This is the causative agent of the so-called “Leningrad’s curse.”

A protozoan organism usually opportunistic among patients with AIDS; it is naturally harbored by cats.

This is the most common opportunistic infection among AIDS patients.

This drug is given both as a prophylactic and symptomatic treatment of PCP in AIDS patients.

This is the malarial species that causes the so-called quartan malaria.

This is/are true statements regarding malaria: I. Schizogony or the asexual cycle of malaria occurs in mosquito II. Sporogony or the sexual cycle of malaria occurs in man III. Mosquitoes are the definitive hosts for malaria

This is the malarial species that has a characteristic crescent or banana shaped gametocytes.

The release of this form of the malarial parasite triggers the fever, chills and sweats of malaria.

This is/are the species of malaria which are capable of forming dormant in the liver called the hypnozoites. I. P. vivax II. P. falciparum III. P. ovale

This is a form of the malarial parasite that is taken up by the mosquito as it bites on human.

Which of the following drugs is given for the exo-erythrocytic form of malaria?

This is/are agents given for Chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum. I. Quinine II. Fansidar III. Mefloquine

This is the drug coined used as the “radical cure” of malaria.

This is the only form of the blood-borne flagellates which is non-flagellated.

This is the organism which causes kala-azar or Visceral Leishmaniasis.

This is the causative agent of Espundia or Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.

This is the drug of choice for all forms of leishmaniasis.

This is the causative agent of the West African sleeping disease.

This is the drug given for the treatment of African sleeping disease.

There is currently no approved drug for the treatment of American sleeping disease, although there are two drugs currently used for acute cases only. Which of the following drugs is used for acute cases of American sleeping disease?

This is/ are examples of nematode that can cause infection by penetrating intact skin. I. Necator americanus II. Trichuris trichura III. Enterobius vermacularis

This is/ are examples of nematodes which is/are acquired thru the ingestion of eggs. I. Ascaris lumbricoides II. Trichuris trichura III. Strongyloides stercoralis

This nematode is acquired through the ingestion of encysted larvae present in pork meat.

This is the drug of choice for patients having Ascariasis.

This is the drug of choice for patients having filariasis.

Drug of choice for patients suffering from Strongyloides stercoralis infection.

This is the drug of choice for flukes.

The infection from this nematode will cause a rise in the levels of serum muscle enzymes such as creatinine phosphokinase.

A helminth infection usually is accompanied by increase in the serum levels of eosinophils. This may be result of the tissue invasion of the helminth. Which of the following organisms listed has no tissue invasion, hence, will not manifest with elevated level of serum eosinophils.

This is a diagnostic test for the presence of Enterobius vermicularis.

This is/ are example(s) of nematode which is/are transmitted usually by an arthropod vector. I. Onchocerca volvulus II. Wuchereria bancrofti III. Brugia malayi

This organism is usually acquired by fishermen eating raw small brackfish water fish called “bagsit” (Hypseleotris bipartite).

This drug is given as the drug of choice for the bancroftian filariasis.

This is an example of trematode which inhibit/s the portal blood stream of vertebrates.

This is/are example/s of flukes which inhibit/s the liver if vertebrates. I. Fasciola hepatica II. Clonorchis sinensis III. Paragonimus westermani

This is/are example/s of tapeworms which require/s a vertebrate as intermediate host. I. Taenia solium II. Hymenolepsis nana III. Dipylidium caninum

Which of the following tapeworms will require an invertebrate as intermediate host? I. Taenia solium II. Hymenolepsis nana III. Dipylidium caninum

This is the organism which cause the Chinese liver fluke infection

This is also known as the Giant intestinal fluke

This is/are true statement/s regarding Schistosoma I. They are the number one worldwide water-borne protozoal infection II. They multiply in humans III. Eggs must reach freshwater to hatch

There are different species of Schistosoma and common in them is they lay eggs in the feces. Which of the following Schistosoma deposits eggs in the urine?

Aside from Praziquantel, this drug is also given for tapeworms

This is the smallest tapeworm that infects humans

This is the organism causing the so called River blindness

This is the organism causing “Hydratid disease”

This is/are example/s of antihelminthic drugs which produce/s their effects by inducing paralysis of the worm I. Praziquantel II. Mebendazole III. Diethylcarbamazine

This is/ are example/s of filarial nematodes I. Wuchereria bancrofti II. Brugia malayi III. Loa loa

Endotoxins are usually found in garam-neagative organism. Which of the is the only gram-positive organism which produces an endotoxin

This is the average time required for the population , or the biomass of an organism to double

This is the portion in the bacterial growth curve representing the period at which the newly inoculated cells are adapting to their new environment. Enzymes and intermediates are formed and accumulated until they are present inn concentrations that permit growth to resume.

This phase in the bacterial growth curve represents the time where exhaustion of nutrients or the accumulation of toxic products causes growth to cease completely. There is slow loss of cells through death, which is just balanced by the formation of new cells through growth and division. This is a period where the total count slowly increases although the variable count stays constant.

This is/are example/s of drugs that cause/s the destruction of bacterial DNA I. Ionizing radiation II. Alkylating agents III. UV light

Which of the following is the mechanism of action of Amphotecin B as an antifungal agent/

This is/are possible ways in which bacteria may gain resistance to antibacterial agents I. Alteration of the target site II. Synthesis of enzymes that modify or destroy the antibacterial agent III. Presence of capsule inn a bacteria

This is/are example/s of drugs that inhibit/s the cell wall synthesis I. Penicillins II. Cyclosporine III. Teicoplanin

This/ These statement/s is/are true about the glycopeptide antibiotics I. Given only parentally as it is not absorbed from the GIT II. Given only for gram-positive organism III. Potentially ototoxic and nephrotoxic

This is/are aminoglycoside antibiotics derived from Streptomyces species I. Streptomycin II. Gentamicin III. Azithromycin

Tetracyclines are indicated for the treatment of bacterial infection from which organism/s I. Staphylococcus II. Mycoplasma III. Chlamydia

This antibacterial agent claimed its glory by being the first broad spectrum antibiotic introduced. It contains a nitrobenzene nucleus, which is responsible for some of its toxic side effects. It blocks the action of peptidyl transferase, thereby preventing peptide bond synthesis. Currently its main indication is for infections of Salmonella typi

This is the most common drug used as alternative for patients allergic to penicillins

This is a steroid-like compound that inhibit protein synthesis by forming a atable complex with elongation factor EF-G , guanosine diphosphate and the ribosome. It is given for gram-positive cocci but not used alone due to the development of rapid resistance to the drug.

sulphonamides are drugs acting as nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors by competing this substrate

These antibacterial agents prevent the supercoiling of the bacterial chromosomes

These drugs are contraindicated in children due to the possible toxic effects on cartilage development

This drug acts by inhibiting the synthesis of mRNA

This drug is currently given as the drug of choice for the prophylaxis of close contacts of meningococcal and Haemophilus meningitis

This drug is important in the management of parasites and anaerobic bacteria

This is/are true statements about Colistin I. It is a polymyxin antibiotic acting on the cell membrane II. It is systemically given for systemic infections III. It is used topically for wound irrigation and bladder washout

Methenamine is used as urinary tract antiseptic/s. Methenamine is hydrolysed into which compound to provide its antibacterial effect in the urinary tract?

This is given together with isoniazid for patients with TB to prevent its neurologic side effects

This is anti-TB drug that inhibits and does not kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It usually presents an important toxic side effect such as optic neuritis

This expensive drug is given for dapsone-resistant M. leprae

This is the most important agent used for severe systemic mycoses, but is toxic

This is an antifungal that acts by inhibiting lanosterol C14-demethylase, an important enzyme in sterol synthesis

This is an important antifungal agent which inhibits DNA synthesis and is active only on yeasts (Candida and Cryptococcus)

An antifungal that inhibits nucleic acid synthesis and has anti-mitotic activity by inhibiting microtubule assembly

This is an example of a topical agent, which is derived from the combination of benzoic and salicylic acids

This antiviral agent specifically acts by inhibiting the penetration and uncoating of viral organism

This is an antiviral agent which is effective in preventing viral protein synthesis

This is/are example of antiviral agent/s that act in the viral DNA or RNA synthesis I. Idoxuridine II. Acyclovir III. Zidovudine

Vaccines are prepared from which of the following I. Immunoglobulins II. Killed organism III. Subcellular fractions

This was the first vaccine in humans used to be made by recombinant DNA technology

This is the only viral disease where post-exposure vaccination is successful due to its long incubation period

This is an agent used for the control of bacterial growth, and is classified as an alkylating agent

This agent works by binding to sulfhydryl groups of bacteria

These organisms do not require organic nutrients for growth

These are organisms that use an inorganic substrate such as hydrogen or thiosulfate as reductant and carbon monoxide as carbon source

These are organisms characterized to have flagella all over the cell body

These are organisms that possess no flagella

These are organisms that possess a tuft of flagella at one end

There are generally two types of stain, an Acidic and Basic stain. Which is/are true statement/s about Basic stains I. They are composed of colored cation with a colorless anion II. They combine with negatively charged phosphate present in bacterial cells III. They are used in negative staining

This is a specific stain used for staining nuclei

This is also known as the Welch method

A stain specifically used to stain spores