Font size
WorksheetsThe Skeletal System Lecture
Total questions: 142
Worksheet time: 2hrs 22mins
The skeletal system works with the __________ system to produce movement.
muscular
integumentary
endocrine
ligamental
What 4 things are stored in bone?
fat, calcium, collagen fibers, osteoid
calcium, vitamin d, fat, growth factors
vitamin d, fat, osteoid, collagen fibers
fat, calcium, phosphorous, growth factors
What type of cells does bone marrow make?
adipocytes
RBC
WBC
osteocytes
What is the name of the cell found in cartilage?
Osteocyte/Osteoblast
Fibrocyte/Fibroblast
Chondrocyte/Chondroblast
Mesenchyme
What is the name of the cell found in bone?
Chondrocyte/Chondroblast
Adipocyte/Adipoblast
Osteocyte/Osteoblast
Fibrocyte/Fibroblast
Does cartilage have blood vessels?
Yes
No
Does bone have blood vessels?
Yes
No
The connective tissue covering of cartilage is called:
Periosteum
Endosteum
Perichondrium
Endochondrium
The connective tissue covering of bone is called:
Periosteum
Endosteum
Perichondrium
Endochondrium
Which heals faster, bone or cartilage? Why?
Cartilage because it has many blood vessels to bring it nutrients.
Bone because it has few blood vessels to bring it nutrients.
Cartilage because it has few blood vessels to bring it nutrients.
Bone because it has many blood vessels to bring it nutrients.
Which bones are in the axial skeleton?
Skull
Os Coxa
Ribs
Clavicle
Which bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
Femur
Humerus
Vertebrae
Ribs
Is the hyoid in the axial or appendicular skeleton?
Appendicular
Axial
Is the clavicle in the axial or appendicular skeleton?
Appendicular
Axial
Is the os coxa in the axial or appendicular skeleton?
Axial
Appendicular
What are the 5 different bone shapes?
Round, Flat, Short, Long, Irregular
Short, Flat, Long, Irregular, Sesamoid
Short, Fat, Flat, Round, Sesamoid
Curved, Flat, Irregular, Long, Short
What shape is the femur?
Flat
Short
Long
Irregular
Sesamoid
What shape are the phalanges?
Sesamoid
Long
Short
Irregular
Sesamoid
What shape are carpals and tarsals?
Short
Ireggular
Sesamoid
Long
Flat
What shape is the patella?
Sesamoid
Short
Flat
Irregular
Long
What shape are ribs?
Long
Irregular
Flat
Sesamoid
Short
What is shape are the frontal and parietal bones of the skull?
Irregular
Short
Sesamoid
Flat
Long
What shape is the sternum?
Irregular
Sesamoid
Long
Short
Flat
What shape is the sphenoid?
Sesamoid
Irregular
Flat
Short
Long
What shape is the os coxa?
Flat
Short
Sesamoid
Long
Irregular
What shape are vertebrae?
Irregular
Short
Flat
Sesamoid
Long
List the organic components of bone.
Collagen fibers, calcium, osteocytes
Ground substance, phosphate, osteocytes
osteocytes, ground substance, collagen fibers
List the inorganic components of bone.
Calcium, Phostphate
Collagen Fibers, Osteocytes
Compact Bone, Spongy Bone
Ground Substance, Calcium
What is osteoid made of?
Ground Substance, Osteocytes
Calcium, Phosphate
Collagen Fibers, Phosphate
Collagen Fibers, Ground Substance
Which component of the bone makes it hard and able to resist squashing?
Collagen Fibers
Calcium
Protein
Hydroxyapatite
Which component of bone makes it able to resist stretching?
Hydroxyapatite
Collagen Fibers
Osteoid
Calcium Phosphate
If you cook a bone, what is destroyed? Is the bone brittle or bendy after cooking?
Bendy: collagen and proteins are destroyed
Brittle: collagen and proteins are destroyed
Bendy: calcium and ions are destroyed
Brittle: calcium and ions are destroyed
If you soak a bone in acid, why is it bendy?
Collagen Fibers and Proteins are removed
Hydroxyapatite is destroyed
Calcium and Collagen Fibers are removed
Calcium and Ions are removed
Why is drinking soda (pH 4) bad for your bone density?
It sucks the collagen fibers out of the bone
It causes hydroxyapatite to form
It sucks calcium and ions out of the bone
Its fills the space in the ground substance and dissolves bone
The stem cells of bone are called:
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
Osteogenic Cells
The cell that builds bone is called:
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteogenic Cells
The cell that maintains mature bone is:
Osteocytes
Osteblasts
Osteogenic Cells
Osteoclasts
The cell that chops up (breaks down) bone is:
Osteogenic Cells
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
Osteoblasts turn into _____________ as they age.
Osteocytes
Osteogenic Cells
Osteoclasts
If there is a fracture, osteocytes can revert back to _____________ to repair the fracture.
Osteogenic Cells
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
As you get older, which cell diminishes in number?
Osteoblasts
Osteogenic Cells
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
The structural unit of compact bone is a circular structure called an___________.
Osteoid
Lacuna
Lamellae
Osteon
At the center of every osteon, there is a hole called the ___________ canal.
Canaliculi
Perforating Canal
Central Canal
Osteocanal
What is usually found in the central canal?
Osteocytes
Calcium
Blood Vessels
Canaliculi
If central canals go vertically through the bone, perforating canals go
Diagonally
Horizontally
Parallel to the Central Canal
The circular layers of bone around the central canal are called _____________ lamella.
Concentric Lamella
Interstitial Lamella
Circumferential Lamella
The bars “little beams” of spongy bone are called _____________________.
Canaliculi
Ramus
Trabeculae
Between the trabeculae there are spaces which contain ________ bone marrow.
red bone marrow
yellow bone marrow
The trabeculae are covered by _____________.
Periosteum
Endosteum
Perichondrium
Endochondrium
Trabeculae are not random. The bars of bone are orientated along the__________.
lines of stess
epiphyseal plate
head
diaphysis
The ends of the bone which rub against other bones are covered by_______.
Fibrocartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Articular Cartilage
What type of cartilage is articular cartilage?
Hyaline Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic Cartilage
True or false. You would harvest cells from the diaphysis of the femur for a bone marrow transplant.
True
False
What bone cells are present in the endosteum and periosteum?
osteoblast
osteocyte
osteoclasts
osteogenic cells
The outer fibrous layer of the periosteum is made of which CT?
dense irregular connective tissue
dense regular connective tissue
areolar connective tissue
articular connective tissue
Growth of bones in length is called_______.
Interstitial Growth
Appositional Growth
Endochondrial Growth
Growth of bones in width (thickness) is called _____.
Enchondrial Growth
Interstitial Growth
Appositional Growth
Which bones are formed by intramembranous ossification?
Flat Bones of the Skull
Humerus
Femur
Clavicle
Mandible
What type of tissue is the bone laid down on in intramembranous ossification?
Epithelia
Cartilaginous
Connective
What are the embryonic connective tissue stem cells that create the fibrous membrane blueprint and turn into osteoblasts called?
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes
Osteogenic Cells
Mesenchyme
The first type of spongy bone that forms is called _________ bone.
Woven
Trabecular
Cancellous
Which cells condense to create the periosteum?
Osteoblasts
Mesenchyme
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
The model for endochondral ossification is made out of cartilage-which kind of cartilage?
Fibrocartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
Where is the primary center of ossification in a long bone?
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Epiphyseal Plate
Epiphyseal Line
Does most secondary ossification take place before or after birth?
Before
After
Where are the two secondary centers of ossification in a long bone?
Distal Epiphysis
Epiphyseal Plate
Proximal Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Medullary Cavity
What is the periosteal bud?
Cartilage that grows over the ends of the bone to form the articular cartilage to protect the ends of bones
The beginning stages of the periosteum connective tissue that covers the bone
aggressive blood vessels that tunnel through bone starting from the periosteum
Where are the two places that cartilage remains in the long bone?
Medullary Cavity
Periosteum
Articular Cartilage
Epiphyseal Plate
Does interstitial or appositional growth takes place at the epiphyseal plate?
Interstitial Growth
Appositional Growth
Does interstitial or appositional growth takes place at the periosteum?
Interstitial Growth
Appositional Growth
Is appositional or interstitial growth stimulated by stress (Wolff’s law)?
Appositional
Interstitial
What are the 4 zones of the epiphyseal plate?
Proliferation, Collagenization, calcification, ossification
Proliferation, hypertrophic, calcification, ossification
What occurs in the zone of proliferation?
Chondrocytes undergo apoptosis. Cartilaginous matrix begins to harden.
Chondrocytes undergo rapid mitosis under influence of growth hormone
Chondrocytes stop mitosis, and the collagen and cells get older and bigger
Osteoclasts and osteoblasts from the diaphysial side break down the calcified cartilage and replace with mineralized bone tissue.
What occurs in the zone of hypertrophy?
Chondrocytes stop mitosis, and the collagen and cells get older and bigger
Chondrocytes undergo rapid mitosis under influence of growth hormone
Chondrocytes undergo apoptosis. Cartilaginous matrix begins to harden.
What occurs in the zone of calcification?
Chondrocytes undergo rapid mitosis under influence of growth hormone
Chondrocytes begin to die and harden as Calcium is absorbed
Osteoblasts begin building bone
Chondrocytes stop mitosis, and the collagen and cells get older and bigger
What occurs in the zone of ossification?
Osteoblasts begin building bone
Chondrocytes undergo rapid mitosis under influence of growth hormone
Chondrocytes begin to die and harden as Calcium is absorbed
Chondrocytes stop mitosis, and the collagen and cells get older and bigger
What types of stresses is bone under?
Compression
Circumlocution
Tear
Tension
A lot of nutrients involved in protein synthesis are needed for strong, healthy bones. What protein do we need to synthesize to build bone?
Cartilage
Collagen Fibers
Hydroxyapatite
Calcitonin
What is the function of growth hormone?
Stimulates protein synthesis (collagen)
Stimulates osteoblasts
To regulate bone proportion
To regulate calcium absorption
Where is growth hormone released?
ovaries
adrenal glad
thyroid gland
anterior pituitary glad
Which cells does growth hormone stimulate?
osteoclasts
fibroclasts
osteoblats
osteogenic cells
What is the function of the thyroid hormone thyroxine?
increases osteoblast activity
regulate bone width
regulate bone proportion
decreases osteoblast activity
What is the function of estrogen and testosterone at the start of puberty?
regulate bone proportion during puberty
stimulates osteoclasts during puberty
stimulate bone growth during puberty
regulate bone density during puberty
What is the ideal blood calcium concentration?
11-16mg/dl
9-11mg/dl
13-19mg/dl
20-29mg/dl
What hormone is released when blood calcium is too high?
Parathyroid Hormone
Vitamin D
Parathoxyine
Calcitonin
Which hormone builds bone/stimulates osteoblasts?
Calcitonin
Parathyroid Hormone
What hormone is released when blood calcium falls too low?
Parathyroid Hormone
Thyroxine
Calcitonin
Growth Hormone
Which hormone breaks bone down/stimulates osteoclasts?
Calcitonin
Thyroxine
Growth Hormone
Parathyroid Hormone
Where is parathyroid hormone secreted?
Thyroid Gland
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Parathyroid Gland
Adrenal Glands
Where is Calcitonin secreted?
C-Cells of the Thyroid
T-Cells of the Parathyroid
B-Cells of the Thyroid
C-Cells of the Parathyroid
List 3 targets of the parathyroid hormone.
tells osteoclasts to break down bone and harvest calcium
tells the digestive system to stop absorbing calcium
tells the digestive system to absorb more calcium
tells kidneys to save calcium
tells kidneys to close calcium channels and pass it through urine
List 3 targets of the Calcitonin Hormone.
tells osteoclasts to break down bone and harvest calcium
tells digestive system to stop absorbing calcium
tells kidneys to save calcium
tells osteoblasts to build more bone
tells kidneys to close calcium channels and pass excess in urine
If the bone ends are out of alignment it is a __________ fracture.
Non-displaced
Displaced
Spiral
Comminuted
If the bone is broken all the way through it is a __________ fracture.
Non-displaced
Displaced
Incomplete
Complete
If the skin is penetrated it is an _____________ fracture.
Compound
Simple
Spiral
Comminuted
Sports fractures where the bone is broken while twisting are usually __________ fractures.
Compound
Spiral
Greenstick
Comminuted
Incomplete fractures in children’s bones are often called _________________ fractures.
Comminuted
Spiral
Greenstick
Compound
In this fracture the bone is broken into 3 or more pieces:
Comminuted
Compound
Spiral
Greenstick
What is a compressed fracture?
3 or more bone fragments
bone is pressed inwards
bone is displaced
bone is crushed
What is a depressed fracture?
Bone is crushed
Bone is displaced
Bone is pressed inward
Bone causes a depression in skin
If you lack calcium or Vitamin D in your diet as an adult and your bones are not mineralized, you may get ________.
Osteomalacia
Paget's Disease
Rickets
Pituitary Dwarfism
If you lack calcium or Vitamin D in your diet as a child and your bones are not mineralized, you may get __________.
Osteomalacia
Paget's Disease
Rickets
Pituitary Dwarfism
In older people, bone resorption happens faster than bone growth. Therefore, many older people suffer from ___________.
Rickets
Osteoporosis
Osteomalacia
Osteomyelitis
Why are post-menopausal women more at risk for osteoporosis?
Estrogen promotes new bone formation, which decreases after menopause
Testosterone promotes new bone formation, which decreases after menopause
Progesterone promotes new bone formation, which decreases after menopause
Lactogen promotes new bone formation, which decreases after menopause
Excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption causing weak bones, bone pain, and limited movement is called______.
Osteomyelitis
Osteoporosis
Rickets
Paget's Disease
Why are fontanels necessary in the fetal skull?
Fontanels are necessary for calcium to be absorbed into the infant skull
Fontanels are formed because there is not enough time to ossify the skull in the womb
Fontanels permit skulls of infants and children to continue growing
What specific tissue is the meniscus made of?
Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Hyaline cartilage
What are the functions of a meniscus?
Improve the fit between bones
spread stress evenly throughout a bone
bring bones nourishment
protect the ends of bones
secrete calcium for bone growth
What specific tissue are ligaments made of?
Elastic cartilage
Elastic connective tissue
dense irregular connective tissue
dense regular connective tissue
Are the anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament extra-capsular or intra-capsular ligaments?
Extra-capular
Intra-capsular
What is a sprain?
A torn or damage ligament
A contusion to the bone
Inflamed Bursae of a joint
Friction against the tendon sheath
A sack filled with synovial fluid which reduces friction in a joint is called _____.
Bursae
Tendon Sheath
Ligament
A fluid filled sheet which covers tendons is called a ____.
Tenosteum
Tendon Bursae
Tendon Sheath
What are the three structural classifications of joints?
Fibrous, Elastic, Synovial
Synovial, Suture, Symphysis
Synovial, Cartilaginous, Fibrous
Cartilaginous, Fibrous, Elastic
What are the three types of fibrous joints?
Suture, Symphysis, Synchondrosis
Symphysis, Suture, Gomphosis
Gomphosis, Synovial, Suture
Syndesmosis, Suture, Gomphosis
What kind of cartilage is in a synchondrosis joint?
Elastic Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
What kind of cartilage is in a symphisis joint?
Elastic Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Which of the following is NOT a function of a synovial joint?
It is oily/viscous in order to lubricate and reduce friction between bones
It is held together by cartilage to allow a small amount of give with movement
It circulates to nourish the cartilage with O2 and nutrients
It is compressible in order to absorb shock
It has phagocytes to remove debris and old dead cells
List all the bones that come together at the knee.
Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Patella
Femur, Fibia, Tibula, Tarsals
Os Coxa, Tibia, Fibula, Patella
Femur, Fibia, Tibula, Patella
Classify the knee joint by structure.
Fibrous
Synovial
Cartilaginous
Classify the knee joint by function.
Synarthroses - Immovable joints
Amphiarthroses - Slightly moveable joints
Diarthrosis - Freely moveable joints
Fibrous- Held together by Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
The ligaments that form a cross in the middle of the knee are called the _______ and ________ ligaments.
Anterior Cruciate
Lateral Colateral
Posterior Cruciate
Medial Colateral
The pad of fibrocartilage between the femur and tibia is called the _______.
Patella
Symphysis
Syndchondrosis
Meniscus
What movement can the knee NOT do?
Flexion
Extension
Rotation
Supination
What ligament is the arrow pointing to?
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Posterior Cruciate Ligament
Medial Colateral Ligament
Lateral Colateral Ligament
What ligament is the arrow pointing to?
Lateral Cruciate Ligament
Medial Colateral Ligament
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Posterior Cruciate Ligament
What is the arrow pointing to?
Lateral Meniscus
Medial Meniscus
Tibial Meniscus
What is the arrow pointing to?
Medial Femoral Symphysis
Medial Meniscus
Lateral Meniscus
Lateral Femoral Symphysis
What ligament is the arrow pointing to?
Medial Colateral Ligament
Medial Cruciate Ligament
Lateral Cruciate Ligament
Lateral Colateral Ligament
What ligament is the arrow pointing to?
Medial Colateral Ligament
Lateral Cruciate Ligament
Medial Cruciate Ligament
Lateral Colateral Ligament
What bone is the arrow pointing to?
Fibula
Tibia
Femur
What bone is the arrow pointing to?
Fibula
Tibia
Femur
What bone is the arrow pointing to?
Fibula
Femur
Tibia
List the bones that come together at the shoulder.
humerus, sternum, clavicle
sternum, scapula, clavicle
humerus, scapula, sternum
humerus, clavicle, scapula
Classify the shoulder joint by structure.
Ball and Pocket
Fibrous
Synchondrosis
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Classify the shoulder joint by function.
Synarthroses - Immovable joints
Amphiarthroses - Slightly moveable joints
Diarthroses - Freely moveable joints
Ball and Socket- Synovial joints
What is a movement that the shoulder CANNOT do?
Flexion/Extension
Circumduction
Gliding
Abduction/Adduction
Rotation
Bags of synovial fluid found in the shoulder joint are called?
Tendon Sheaths
Bursae
Synovial Socket
Classify the elbow joint by structure
Fibrous
Synovial
Cartilaginous
What movement can the elbow NOT do?
Flexion
Extension
Rotation
What ligament loops around the head of the radius to hold it in place?
Anterior Cruciate Ligaments
Posterior Cruciate Ligaments
Annular Ligaments
Analog Ligaments
What tissue is damaged in a sprain?
Tendon
Ligaments
Diarthrosis
