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The Skeletal System Lecture

Total questions: 142

Worksheet time: 2hrs 22mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

The skeletal system works with the __________ system to produce movement.

a)

muscular

b)

integumentary

c)

endocrine

d)

ligamental

2.

What 4 things are stored in bone?

a)

fat, calcium, collagen fibers, osteoid

b)

calcium, vitamin d, fat, growth factors

c)

vitamin d, fat, osteoid, collagen fibers

d)

fat, calcium, phosphorous, growth factors

3.

What type of cells does bone marrow make?

a)

adipocytes

b)

RBC

c)

WBC

d)

osteocytes

4.

What is the name of the cell found in cartilage?

a)

Osteocyte/Osteoblast

b)

Fibrocyte/Fibroblast

c)

Chondrocyte/Chondroblast

d)

Mesenchyme

5.

What is the name of the cell found in bone?

a)

Chondrocyte/Chondroblast

b)

Adipocyte/Adipoblast

c)

Osteocyte/Osteoblast

d)

Fibrocyte/Fibroblast

6.

Does cartilage have blood vessels?

a)

Yes

b)

No

7.

Does bone have blood vessels?

a)

Yes

b)

No

8.

The connective tissue covering of cartilage is called:

a)

Periosteum

b)

Endosteum

c)

Perichondrium

d)

Endochondrium

9.

The connective tissue covering of bone is called:

a)

Periosteum

b)

Endosteum

c)

Perichondrium

d)

Endochondrium

10.

Which heals faster, bone or cartilage? Why?

a)

Cartilage because it has many blood vessels to bring it nutrients.

b)

Bone because it has few blood vessels to bring it nutrients.

c)

Cartilage because it has few blood vessels to bring it nutrients.

d)

Bone because it has many blood vessels to bring it nutrients.

11.

Which bones are in the axial skeleton?

a)

Skull

b)

Os Coxa

c)

Ribs

d)

Clavicle

12.

Which bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

a)

Femur

b)

Humerus

c)

Vertebrae

d)

Ribs

13.

Is the hyoid in the axial or appendicular skeleton?

a)

Appendicular

b)

Axial

14.

Is the clavicle in the axial or appendicular skeleton?

a)

Appendicular

b)

Axial

15.

Is the os coxa in the axial or appendicular skeleton?

a)

Axial

b)

Appendicular

16.

What are the 5 different bone shapes?

a)

Round, Flat, Short, Long, Irregular

b)

Short, Flat, Long, Irregular, Sesamoid

c)

Short, Fat, Flat, Round, Sesamoid

d)

Curved, Flat, Irregular, Long, Short

17.

What shape is the femur?

a)

Flat

b)

Short

c)

Long

d)

Irregular

e)

Sesamoid

18.

What shape are the phalanges?

a)

Sesamoid

b)

Long

c)

Short

d)

Irregular

e)

Sesamoid

19.

What shape are carpals and tarsals?

a)

Short

b)

Ireggular

c)

Sesamoid

d)

Long

e)

Flat

20.

What shape is the patella?

a)

Sesamoid

b)

Short

c)

Flat

d)

Irregular

e)

Long

21.

What shape are ribs?

a)

Long

b)

Irregular

c)

Flat

d)

Sesamoid

e)

Short

22.

What is shape are the frontal and parietal bones of the skull?

a)

Irregular

b)

Short

c)

Sesamoid

d)

Flat

e)

Long

23.

What shape is the sternum?

a)

Irregular

b)

Sesamoid

c)

Long

d)

Short

e)

Flat

24.

What shape is the sphenoid?

a)

Sesamoid

b)

Irregular

c)

Flat

d)

Short

e)

Long

25.

What shape is the os coxa?

a)

Flat

b)

Short

c)

Sesamoid

d)

Long

e)

Irregular

26.

What shape are vertebrae?

a)

Irregular

b)

Short

c)

Flat

d)

Sesamoid

e)

Long

27.

List the organic components of bone.

a)

Collagen fibers, calcium, osteocytes

b)

Ground substance, phosphate, osteocytes

c)

osteocytes, ground substance, collagen fibers

28.

List the inorganic components of bone.

a)

Calcium, Phostphate

b)

Collagen Fibers, Osteocytes

c)

Compact Bone, Spongy Bone

d)

Ground Substance, Calcium

29.

What is osteoid made of?

a)

Ground Substance, Osteocytes

b)

Calcium, Phosphate

c)

Collagen Fibers, Phosphate

d)

Collagen Fibers, Ground Substance

30.

Which component of the bone makes it hard and able to resist squashing?

a)

Collagen Fibers

b)

Calcium

c)

Protein

d)

Hydroxyapatite

31.

Which component of bone makes it able to resist stretching?

a)

Hydroxyapatite

b)

Collagen Fibers

c)

Osteoid

d)

Calcium Phosphate

32.

If you cook a bone, what is destroyed? Is the bone brittle or bendy after cooking?

a)

Bendy: collagen and proteins are destroyed

b)

Brittle: collagen and proteins are destroyed

c)

Bendy: calcium and ions are destroyed

d)

Brittle: calcium and ions are destroyed

33.

If you soak a bone in acid, why is it bendy?

a)

Collagen Fibers and Proteins are removed

b)

Hydroxyapatite is destroyed

c)

Calcium and Collagen Fibers are removed

d)

Calcium and Ions are removed

34.

Why is drinking soda (pH 4) bad for your bone density?

a)

It sucks the collagen fibers out of the bone

b)

It causes hydroxyapatite to form

c)

It sucks calcium and ions out of the bone

d)

Its fills the space in the ground substance and dissolves bone

35.

The stem cells of bone are called:

a)

Osteocytes

b)

Osteoclasts

c)

Osteoblasts

d)

Osteogenic Cells

36.

The cell that builds bone is called:

a)

Osteoclasts

b)

Osteoblasts

c)

Osteocytes

d)

Osteogenic Cells

37.

The cell that maintains mature bone is:

a)

Osteocytes

b)

Osteblasts

c)

Osteogenic Cells

d)

Osteoclasts

38.

The cell that chops up (breaks down) bone is:

a)

Osteogenic Cells

b)

Osteocytes

c)

Osteoclasts

d)

Osteoblasts

39.

Osteoblasts turn into _____________ as they age.

a)

Osteocytes

b)

Osteogenic Cells

c)

Osteoclasts

40.

If there is a fracture, osteocytes can revert back to _____________ to repair the fracture.

a)

Osteogenic Cells

b)

Osteoclasts

c)

Osteoblasts

41.

As you get older, which cell diminishes in number?

a)

Osteoblasts

b)

Osteogenic Cells

c)

Osteocytes

d)

Osteoclasts

42.

The structural unit of compact bone is a circular structure called an___________.

a)

Osteoid

b)

Lacuna

c)

Lamellae

d)

Osteon

43.

At the center of every osteon, there is a hole called the ___________ canal.

a)

Canaliculi

b)

Perforating Canal

c)

Central Canal

d)

Osteocanal

44.

What is usually found in the central canal?

a)

Osteocytes

b)

Calcium

c)

Blood Vessels

d)

Canaliculi

45.

If central canals go vertically through the bone, perforating canals go

a)

Diagonally

b)

Horizontally

c)

Parallel to the Central Canal

46.

The circular layers of bone around the central canal are called _____________ lamella.

a)

Concentric Lamella

b)

Interstitial Lamella

c)

Circumferential Lamella

47.

The bars “little beams” of spongy bone are called _____________________.

a)

Canaliculi

b)

Ramus

c)

Trabeculae

48.

Between the trabeculae there are spaces which contain ________ bone marrow.

a)

red bone marrow

b)

yellow bone marrow

49.

The trabeculae are covered by _____________.

a)

Periosteum

b)

Endosteum

c)

Perichondrium

d)

Endochondrium

50.

Trabeculae are not random. The bars of bone are orientated along the__________.

a)

lines of stess

b)

epiphyseal plate

c)

head

d)

diaphysis

51.

The ends of the bone which rub against other bones are covered by_______.

a)

Fibrocartilage

b)

Elastic Cartilage

c)

Articular Cartilage

52.

What type of cartilage is articular cartilage?

a)

Hyaline Cartilage

b)

Fibrocartilage

c)

Elastic Cartilage

53.

True or false. You would harvest cells from the diaphysis of the femur for a bone marrow transplant.

a)

True

b)

False

54.

What bone cells are present in the endosteum and periosteum?

a)

osteoblast

b)

osteocyte

c)

osteoclasts

d)

osteogenic cells

55.

The outer fibrous layer of the periosteum is made of which CT?

a)

dense irregular connective tissue

b)

dense regular connective tissue

c)

areolar connective tissue

d)

articular connective tissue

56.

Growth of bones in length is called_______.

a)

Interstitial Growth

b)

Appositional Growth

c)

Endochondrial Growth

57.

Growth of bones in width (thickness) is called _____.

a)

Enchondrial Growth

b)

Interstitial Growth

c)

Appositional Growth

58.

Which bones are formed by intramembranous ossification?

a)

Flat Bones of the Skull

b)

Humerus

c)

Femur

d)

Clavicle

e)

Mandible

59.

What type of tissue is the bone laid down on in intramembranous ossification?

a)

Epithelia

b)

Cartilaginous

c)

Connective

60.

What are the embryonic connective tissue stem cells that create the fibrous membrane blueprint and turn into osteoblasts called?

a)

Osteoclasts

b)

Osteocytes

c)

Osteogenic Cells

d)

Mesenchyme

61.

The first type of spongy bone that forms is called _________ bone.

a)

Woven

b)

Trabecular

c)

Cancellous

62.

Which cells condense to create the periosteum?

a)

Osteoblasts

b)

Mesenchyme

c)

Osteocytes

d)

Osteoclasts

63.

The model for endochondral ossification is made out of cartilage-which kind of cartilage?

a)

Fibrocartilage

b)

Elastic Cartilage

c)

Hyaline Cartilage

64.

Where is the primary center of ossification in a long bone?

a)

Epiphysis

b)

Diaphysis

c)

Epiphyseal Plate

d)

Epiphyseal Line

65.

Does most secondary ossification take place before or after birth?

a)

Before

b)

After

66.

Where are the two secondary centers of ossification in a long bone?

a)

Distal Epiphysis

b)

Epiphyseal Plate

c)

Proximal Epiphysis

d)

Diaphysis

e)

Medullary Cavity

67.

What is the periosteal bud?

a)

Cartilage that grows over the ends of the bone to form the articular cartilage to protect the ends of bones

b)

The beginning stages of the periosteum connective tissue that covers the bone

c)

aggressive blood vessels that tunnel through bone starting from the periosteum

68.

Where are the two places that cartilage remains in the long bone?

a)

Medullary Cavity

b)

Periosteum

c)

Articular Cartilage

d)

Epiphyseal Plate

69.

Does interstitial or appositional growth takes place at the epiphyseal plate?

a)

Interstitial Growth

b)

Appositional Growth

70.

Does interstitial or appositional growth takes place at the periosteum?

a)

Interstitial Growth

b)

Appositional Growth

71.

Is appositional or interstitial growth stimulated by stress (Wolff’s law)?

a)

Appositional

b)

Interstitial

72.

What are the 4 zones of the epiphyseal plate?

a)

Proliferation, Collagenization, calcification, ossification

b)

Proliferation, hypertrophic, calcification, ossification

73.

What occurs in the zone of proliferation?

a)

Chondrocytes undergo apoptosis. Cartilaginous matrix begins to harden.

b)

Chondrocytes undergo rapid mitosis under influence of growth hormone

c)

Chondrocytes stop mitosis, and the collagen and cells get older and bigger

d)

Osteoclasts and osteoblasts from the diaphysial side break down the calcified cartilage and replace with mineralized bone tissue.

74.

What occurs in the zone of hypertrophy?

a)

Chondrocytes stop mitosis, and the collagen and cells get older and bigger

b)

Chondrocytes undergo rapid mitosis under influence of growth hormone

c)

Chondrocytes undergo apoptosis. Cartilaginous matrix begins to harden.

75.

What occurs in the zone of calcification?

a)

Chondrocytes undergo rapid mitosis under influence of growth hormone

b)

Chondrocytes begin to die and harden as Calcium is absorbed

c)

Osteoblasts begin building bone

d)

Chondrocytes stop mitosis, and the collagen and cells get older and bigger

76.

What occurs in the zone of ossification?

a)

Osteoblasts begin building bone

b)

Chondrocytes undergo rapid mitosis under influence of growth hormone

c)

Chondrocytes begin to die and harden as Calcium is absorbed

d)

Chondrocytes stop mitosis, and the collagen and cells get older and bigger

77.

What types of stresses is bone under?

a)

Compression

b)

Circumlocution

c)

Tear

d)

Tension

78.

A lot of nutrients involved in protein synthesis are needed for strong, healthy bones. What protein do we need to synthesize to build bone?

a)

Cartilage

b)

Collagen Fibers

c)

Hydroxyapatite

d)

Calcitonin

79.

What is the function of growth hormone?

a)

Stimulates protein synthesis (collagen)

b)

Stimulates osteoblasts

c)

To regulate bone proportion

d)

To regulate calcium absorption

80.

Where is growth hormone released?

a)

ovaries

b)

adrenal glad

c)

thyroid gland

d)

anterior pituitary glad

81.

Which cells does growth hormone stimulate?

a)

osteoclasts

b)

fibroclasts

c)

osteoblats

d)

osteogenic cells

82.

What is the function of the thyroid hormone thyroxine?

a)

increases osteoblast activity

b)

regulate bone width

c)

regulate bone proportion

d)

decreases osteoblast activity

83.

What is the function of estrogen and testosterone at the start of puberty?

a)

regulate bone proportion during puberty

b)

stimulates osteoclasts during puberty

c)

stimulate bone growth during puberty

d)

regulate bone density during puberty

84.

What is the ideal blood calcium concentration?

a)

11-16mg/dl

b)

9-11mg/dl

c)

13-19mg/dl

d)

20-29mg/dl

85.

What hormone is released when blood calcium is too high?

a)

Parathyroid Hormone

b)

Vitamin D

c)

Parathoxyine

d)

Calcitonin

86.

Which hormone builds bone/stimulates osteoblasts?

a)

Calcitonin

b)

Parathyroid Hormone

87.

What hormone is released when blood calcium falls too low?

a)

Parathyroid Hormone

b)

Thyroxine

c)

Calcitonin

d)

Growth Hormone

88.

Which hormone breaks bone down/stimulates osteoclasts?

a)

Calcitonin

b)

Thyroxine

c)

Growth Hormone

d)

Parathyroid Hormone

89.

Where is parathyroid hormone secreted?

a)

Thyroid Gland

b)

Anterior Pituitary Gland

c)

Parathyroid Gland

d)

Adrenal Glands

90.

Where is Calcitonin secreted?

a)

C-Cells of the Thyroid

b)

T-Cells of the Parathyroid

c)

B-Cells of the Thyroid

d)

C-Cells of the Parathyroid

91.

List 3 targets of the parathyroid hormone.

a)

tells osteoclasts to break down bone and harvest calcium

b)

tells the digestive system to stop absorbing calcium

c)

tells the digestive system to absorb more calcium

d)

tells kidneys to save calcium

e)

tells kidneys to close calcium channels and pass it through urine

92.

List 3 targets of the Calcitonin Hormone.

a)

tells osteoclasts to break down bone and harvest calcium

b)

tells digestive system to stop absorbing calcium

c)

tells kidneys to save calcium

d)

tells osteoblasts to build more bone

e)

tells kidneys to close calcium channels and pass excess in urine

93.

If the bone ends are out of alignment it is a __________ fracture.

a)

Non-displaced

b)

Displaced

c)

Spiral

d)

Comminuted

94.

If the bone is broken all the way through it is a __________ fracture.

a)

Non-displaced

b)

Displaced

c)

Incomplete

d)

Complete

95.

If the skin is penetrated it is an _____________ fracture.

a)

Compound

b)

Simple

c)

Spiral

d)

Comminuted

96.

Sports fractures where the bone is broken while twisting are usually __________ fractures.

a)

Compound

b)

Spiral

c)

Greenstick

d)

Comminuted

97.

Incomplete fractures in children’s bones are often called _________________ fractures.

a)

Comminuted

b)

Spiral

c)

Greenstick

d)

Compound

98.

In this fracture the bone is broken into 3 or more pieces:

a)

Comminuted

b)

Compound

c)

Spiral

d)

Greenstick

99.

What is a compressed fracture?

a)

3 or more bone fragments

b)

bone is pressed inwards

c)

bone is displaced

d)

bone is crushed

100.

What is a depressed fracture?

a)

Bone is crushed

b)

Bone is displaced

c)

Bone is pressed inward

d)

Bone causes a depression in skin

101.

If you lack calcium or Vitamin D in your diet as an adult and your bones are not mineralized, you may get ________.

a)

Osteomalacia

b)

Paget's Disease

c)

Rickets

d)

Pituitary Dwarfism

102.

If you lack calcium or Vitamin D in your diet as a child and your bones are not mineralized, you may get __________.

a)

Osteomalacia

b)

Paget's Disease

c)

Rickets

d)

Pituitary Dwarfism

103.

In older people, bone resorption happens faster than bone growth. Therefore, many older people suffer from ___________.

a)

Rickets

b)

Osteoporosis

c)

Osteomalacia

d)

Osteomyelitis

104.

Why are post-menopausal women more at risk for osteoporosis?

a)

Estrogen promotes new bone formation, which decreases after menopause

b)

Testosterone promotes new bone formation, which decreases after menopause

c)

Progesterone promotes new bone formation, which decreases after menopause

d)

Lactogen promotes new bone formation, which decreases after menopause

105.

Excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption causing weak bones, bone pain, and limited movement is called______.

a)

Osteomyelitis

b)

Osteoporosis

c)

Rickets

d)

Paget's Disease

106.

Why are fontanels necessary in the fetal skull?

a)

Fontanels are necessary for calcium to be absorbed into the infant skull

b)

Fontanels are formed because there is not enough time to ossify the skull in the womb

c)

Fontanels permit skulls of infants and children to continue growing

107.

What specific tissue is the meniscus made of?

a)

Elastic Cartilage

b)

Fibrocartilage

c)

Hyaline cartilage

108.

What are the functions of a meniscus?

a)

Improve the fit between bones

b)

spread stress evenly throughout a bone

c)

bring bones nourishment

d)

protect the ends of bones

e)

secrete calcium for bone growth

109.

What specific tissue are ligaments made of?

a)

Elastic cartilage

b)

Elastic connective tissue

c)

dense irregular connective tissue

d)

dense regular connective tissue

110.

Are the anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament extra-capsular or intra-capsular ligaments?

a)

Extra-capular

b)

Intra-capsular

111.

What is a sprain?

a)

A torn or damage ligament

b)

A contusion to the bone

c)

Inflamed Bursae of a joint

d)

Friction against the tendon sheath

112.

A sack filled with synovial fluid which reduces friction in a joint is called _____.

a)

Bursae

b)

Tendon Sheath

c)

Ligament

113.

A fluid filled sheet which covers tendons is called a ____.

a)

Tenosteum

b)

Tendon Bursae

c)

Tendon Sheath

114.

What are the three structural classifications of joints?

a)

Fibrous, Elastic, Synovial

b)

Synovial, Suture, Symphysis

c)

Synovial, Cartilaginous, Fibrous

d)

Cartilaginous, Fibrous, Elastic

115.

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

a)

Suture, Symphysis, Synchondrosis

b)

Symphysis, Suture, Gomphosis

c)

Gomphosis, Synovial, Suture

d)

Syndesmosis, Suture, Gomphosis

116.

What kind of cartilage is in a synchondrosis joint?

a)

Elastic Cartilage

b)

Hyaline Cartilage

c)

Fibrocartilage

117.

What kind of cartilage is in a symphisis joint?

a)

Elastic Cartilage

b)

Hyaline Cartilage

c)

Fibrocartilage

118.

Which of the following is NOT a function of a synovial joint?

a)

It is oily/viscous in order to lubricate and reduce friction between bones

b)

It is held together by cartilage to allow a small amount of give with movement

c)

It circulates to nourish the cartilage with O2 and nutrients

d)

It is compressible in order to absorb shock

e)

It has phagocytes to remove debris and old dead cells

119.

List all the bones that come together at the knee.

a)

Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Patella

b)

Femur, Fibia, Tibula, Tarsals

c)

Os Coxa, Tibia, Fibula, Patella

d)

Femur, Fibia, Tibula, Patella

120.

Classify the knee joint by structure.

a)

Fibrous

b)

Synovial

c)

Cartilaginous

121.

Classify the knee joint by function.

a)

Synarthroses - Immovable joints

b)

Amphiarthroses - Slightly moveable joints

c)

Diarthrosis - Freely moveable joints

d)

Fibrous- Held together by Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

122.

The ligaments that form a cross in the middle of the knee are called the _______ and ________ ligaments.

a)

Anterior Cruciate

b)

Lateral Colateral

c)

Posterior Cruciate

d)

Medial Colateral

123.

The pad of fibrocartilage between the femur and tibia is called the _______.

a)

Patella

b)

Symphysis

c)

Syndchondrosis

d)

Meniscus

124.

What movement can the knee NOT do?

a)

Flexion

b)

Extension

c)

Rotation

d)

Supination

125.

What ligament is the arrow pointing to?

a)

Anterior Cruciate Ligament

b)

Posterior Cruciate Ligament

c)

Medial Colateral Ligament

d)

Lateral Colateral Ligament

126.

What ligament is the arrow pointing to?

a)

Lateral Cruciate Ligament

b)

Medial Colateral Ligament

c)

Anterior Cruciate Ligament

d)

Posterior Cruciate Ligament

127.

What is the arrow pointing to?

a)

Lateral Meniscus

b)

Medial Meniscus

c)

Tibial Meniscus

128.

What is the arrow pointing to?

a)

Medial Femoral Symphysis

b)

Medial Meniscus

c)

Lateral Meniscus

d)

Lateral Femoral Symphysis

129.

What ligament is the arrow pointing to?

a)

Medial Colateral Ligament

b)

Medial Cruciate Ligament

c)

Lateral Cruciate Ligament

d)

Lateral Colateral Ligament

130.

What ligament is the arrow pointing to?

a)

Medial Colateral Ligament

b)

Lateral Cruciate Ligament

c)

Medial Cruciate Ligament

d)

Lateral Colateral Ligament

131.

What bone is the arrow pointing to?

a)

Fibula

b)

Tibia

c)

Femur

132.

What bone is the arrow pointing to?

a)

Fibula

b)

Tibia

c)

Femur

133.

What bone is the arrow pointing to?

a)

Fibula

b)

Femur

c)

Tibia

134.

List the bones that come together at the shoulder.

a)

humerus, sternum, clavicle

b)

sternum, scapula, clavicle

c)

humerus, scapula, sternum

d)

humerus, clavicle, scapula

135.

Classify the shoulder joint by structure.

a)

Ball and Pocket

b)

Fibrous

c)

Synchondrosis

d)

Cartilaginous

e)

Synovial

136.

Classify the shoulder joint by function.

a)

Synarthroses - Immovable joints

b)

Amphiarthroses - Slightly moveable joints

c)

Diarthroses - Freely moveable joints

d)

Ball and Socket- Synovial joints

137.

What is a movement that the shoulder CANNOT do?

a)

Flexion/Extension

b)

Circumduction

c)

Gliding

d)

Abduction/Adduction

e)

Rotation

138.

Bags of synovial fluid found in the shoulder joint are called?

a)

Tendon Sheaths

b)

Bursae

c)

Synovial Socket

139.

Classify the elbow joint by structure

a)

Fibrous

b)

Synovial

c)

Cartilaginous

140.

What movement can the elbow NOT do?

a)

Flexion

b)

Extension

c)

Rotation

141.

What ligament loops around the head of the radius to hold it in place?

a)

Anterior Cruciate Ligaments

b)

Posterior Cruciate Ligaments

c)

Annular Ligaments

d)

Analog Ligaments

142.

What tissue is damaged in a sprain?

a)

Tendon

b)

Ligaments

c)

Diarthrosis