2. (a)   : our knowledge of words and grammars.

3. (a)   : how we use our knowledge of words and grammars in actual speech production and comprehension.

4. (a)   : words like buzz or murmur that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.

5. (a)   : a kind of grammar that does not tell you how you should speak. It describes your basic linguistic knowledge. It explains how it is possible for you to speak and understand and make judgments about well-formedness, and it tells what you know about the sounds, words, phrases, and sentences of your language.

6. (a)   : a kind of grammar which is used to learn another language or dialect.

7. (a)   : the parallel word in the student’s native language, such as maison, ‘house’ in French.

8. (a)   : a theory proposed by Noam Chomsky which claims that every speaker of a certain language is born with and knows a set of principles which apply to all languages and also a set of parameters that can vary from one language to another, but only within certain limits.

9. (a)   : a period during which a child can acquire language easily, rapidly, perfectly, and without instruction.

10. (a)   : the hypothesis that the language we speak determines how we perceive and think about the world. According to this view, language acts like a filter on reality.

11. (a)   : the hypothesis that different languages encode different categories and that speakers of different languages therefore think about the world in different ways.

12. (a)   : a person’s mental store of words, their meanings and associations.

13. (a)   : bound morphemes that are attached to a base morpheme both initially and finally. In German language, ‘ge-‘ and ‘-t’ are added to ‘lieb’ to form a past participle of the verb ‘lieb’, meaning ‘to love’, resulting in ‘geliebt’.

14. (a)   : morphemes that can stand alone by themselves to constitute a word. E.g. boy, desire, gentle, and man.

15. (a)   : morphemes that need to be attached to other words to form a word. E.g. -ish, -ness, -ly, pre-, trans-, and un-.

16. (a)   : the smallest meaning unit in a language, which cannot be further divided. E.g. the word ‘unhappiness’ has ‘un- + happy + -ness’.

17. (a)   : the way in which words are spelled.

18. (a)   : words that denote concepts such as objects, actions, attributes, and ideas that we can think about like children, build, beautiful, and seldom.

19. (a)   : words that specify grammatical relations and have little or no semantic content, including conjunctions like and, or, and but; prepositions like in and of; the articles the and a/an, and pronouns such as it.

20. (a)   : a morpheme that doesn’t produce new words in the language, but rather indicate aspects of grammatical function of a word. Yet, it never changes the grammatical category of the stems to which it is attached. E.g. ‘-er’ in nicer.

21. (a)   : a morpheme that usually produces new words or words of different grammatical category from the stem. E.g. ‘-ify’ and ‘un-‘ in purify and unhappy.

22. (a)   : a process of forming new words by reducing the word, usually a noun, to form a verb version of that word which does not exist before. E.g. donate, babysit, burgle, peddle, televise, etc.

23. (a)   : a word formation process where usually the beginning of the first word (usually the first phoneme or syllable) is combined together with the ending of the second word (often the rhyme). E.g. motel, smog, brunch, Khminglish, smurk, modem.

24. (a)   : a root that cannot stand in isolation but always need to be combined with other morphemes to acquire meaning. E.g. ‘-ceive’ in receive, conceive, perceive, and deceive.

25. (a)   : a word formation process of combining two or more separate words to produce a single word. E.g. bookcase, fingerprint, sunglasses, textbook, wallpaper, good-looking, fast-food, full-time, etc.

26. __ _____________________: a word formation process where a change in the function of a word takes place. E.g. a noun to a verb and vice versa, such as vacation, must, further, google.

(a)  

27. (a)   : a word formation process where the original word is shortened to mean the same thing. E.g. exam (examination), math (mathematics), lab (laboratory), phone (telephone), flu (influenza), etc.

28. (a)   : a word formation process which involves creating an entirely new word. E.g. aspirin, nylon, vaseline, zipper, kleenex, teflon, xerox, mobitel, etc.

29. ___________ _____________: exceptions, or forms that are treated separately in the grammar that you cannot use the regular rules to add affixes to those words. E.g. You cannot say ‘childs’, ‘foots’, ‘sheeps’ or ‘beautifuler’, but ‘children’, ‘feet’, ‘sheep’, and ‘more beautiful’.

(a)  

30. (a)   : the process of inflecting a word through the repetition of part of all of the word. E.g. In Malay language, ‘orang’ means ‘person’, but ‘orang orang’ means ‘people’.

31. S (a)   : a major component of the grammar of a language, which is concerned with the ways words are combined to form sentences and the rules which govern the formation of sentences, making some sentences possible and others not possible within a particular language. At the same time, it may also refer to the study of sentence formation.

32. L (a)   : when the meaning of a word, phrase, or sentence can be interpreted in more than one way and caused by specific words, as in I like my English history teacher.

33. C (a)   : the natural groupings or parts of a sentence.

34. S (a)   : the way in which words or phrases are classified into different categories based on different functions they fulfil. In other words, it can be traditionally called “parts of speech”.

35. G (a)   : the state of being grammatically correct.

36. D (a)   : a new part of speech in modern grammar that covers articles, quantifiers, demonstratives, and possessives.

P (a)   : another way of calling tree diagrams, which is a tree drawn to virtually represent a sentence and its grammatical relations.

(a)   : a phrasal category that may occur next to a head, and only there, and which elaborates on the meaning of the head.

S (a)   : an element that may precede the head of a phrase. E.g. a noun phrase is usually preceded by a determiner.

N (a)   : a point in a tree where branches join.

S (a)   : when the meaning of a word, phrase, or sentence can be interpreted in more than one way and caused by the structure, as in The camper saw a bear with binoculars.

S (a)   : categories situated under the same node.

X (a)   : a template or blueprint which specifies that phrases of a language are always organized into one node and two branches. It is also known as 3-tiered structure.

D (a)   : the basic abstract syntactic structure in which all elements determining structural interpretation are represented, and from which other transformed structures are derived. It helps determine how 2 different sentences are similar. For example, the sentences ‘Charlie broke the window’ and ‘The window was broken by Charlie’ share a common basic structure.

S (a)   : a transformed syntactic structure which is derived from a basic structure. For example, ‘He stole the money’, ‘The money was stolen’, ‘It was he who stole the money’, ‘Did he steal the money?’, ‘Was it he who stole the money’, are all these transformed structures, which develop from a common structure.

T (a)   : an earlier version of the theory that emphasized the relationships among sentences that can be seen as transforms or transformations of each other. For example, the relationships among simple active declarative sentences (e.g. He went to the store), negative sentences (e.g. He didn’t go to the store), and questions (e.g. Did he go to the store?).

R (a)   : a rule that allow repetition of itself. E.g. Noun Phrase’s rule is NP > DN̅. However, a N rule is N̅ >DN̅.

A (a)   : a deviation from the common rule, type, arrangement, or form. In linguistics, this specifically occurs when a sentence conforms to the rule of grammar, yet yields abnormal or incomprehensible meanings.

Where should we vacation this year?

Word formation : vacation

(a)  

In these day’s busy society, it’s extremely difficult to find someone to babysit your children.

Word formation: babysit

(a)  

It is said that the phablet is going to be the standard for the next popular type of smartphones.

Word formation: phablet

(a)  

FYI, we are not going to have a quiz today. Cheers!

(a)  

They are always happy when he says they are going to the lab.

What is words formation of ‘lap’ ?

(a)  

Sorry, that was my bad. I promise it won’t happen again.

Word formation: bad

(a)  

When I am lonely, the piano is probably my best friend.

Word formation: piano

(a)  

Those takeaway foods are never healthy. Don’t count on them too much!

Word formation: piano

(a)  

After studying biochemistry, we realized how important nature is.

Word formation: biochemistry

(a)  

Android community was seen gaining popularity over Apple’s so-called iOS.

Word formation: Android

(a)  

If the temperature is 32 degree Celsius, how many degree is it in Fahrenheit.

Word formation: Fahrenheit

(a)  

When asked, nobody knows what a motel is, yet everyone had been to a hotel.

Word: motel

(a)  

David was the best student in math, but his literature’s result was speechless.

Word: math

(a)  

The teacher reminded the students again and again that it is a must for them to finish the course readings beforehand.

Word: must

(a)  

Who would have thought that the president was such a workaholic!

Words: workaholic

(a)