WorksheetsAP Psychology Units 1-3 Review
Total questions: 177
Worksheet time: 1hrs 29mins
Ethan just finished a big exam and needs to relax. Which part of his autonomic nervous system helps calm him down?
Parasympathetic
sympathetic
Emma and Michael are learning about neurons in class. When the inside of a neuron's membrane is negatively charged compared to the outside, what is this state called?
polarization
depolarization
Imagine Aria and Noah are learning about how cells work. When the electric charge on the inside and the outside of the cell membrane changes and the cell becomes positively charged, what is this process called?
polarization
depolarization
Lily and Arjun are learning about organs in science class. Which organ is the superstar that regulates blood sugar by secreting insulin?
pancreas
gall bladder
Lily and James are curious about the tiny electrical charged particles that zoom around both inside and outside a neuron. Can you help them figure out what these particles are called?
ion
vessicles
synapes
Abigail and Rohan are learning about neurons in class. Can you help them figure out which part of the neuron is called the 'sending end'?
dendrites
axon terminals
Mia and Daniel are learning about neurons in class. Can you help them figure out which part of the neuron is known as the receiving end?
dendrites
synapatics
Liam and Nora are racing to see who can answer first: Which neurotransmitter acts like the 'gas pedal' for action potentials, revving up and accelerating physiological responses?
excitatory
inhibitory
Sophia and Elijah are learning about neurons in their biology class. They come across the term 'Soma.' Can you help them figure out what 'Soma' refers to?
cell body
vessicles
Imagine Mason and Emma are in a science class, and they're learning about molecules that can sneakily bind to receptors and enjoy the same benefits as the original molecule. What do we call this type of mimic molecule?
antagonist
agonist
Imagine Abigail is playing soccer and accidentally kicks the ball into her shin. Which type of neuron carries the "Ouch!" signal from her leg to her brain and spinal cord?
Sensory Neurons
Motor Neurons
Efferent Neurons
Glial Cells
Elijah and William are in science class, and they're learning about molecules that can sneakily bind to receptors and get all the benefits, just like the real thing! What do you call this mimic molecule?
antagonist
agonist
Imagine Sophia and Benjamin are learning about neurons in class. When a neuron is at rest, can you help them figure out: the ions inside the cell are mostly _______ and the ions outside the cell are mostly _______?
positively charged; negatively charged
negatively charged; positively charged
small; large
large; small
Aria and Noah are learning about the brain in class. They wonder: what is the name of the tiny gap or space between two neurons where messages are passed?
Dendrites
Cell Body
Synapse
Axon
Charlotte and Emma are curious about how neurons send messages in the brain. What is the name of the electrical charge that zooms down an axon when a neuron is firing?
Resting Potential
Action Potential
Threshold
Refractory Period
James and Hannah are learning about the nervous system in class. Their teacher asks, "Which type of nerves are also known as motor nerves?" Can you help them choose the correct answer?
dendrites
afferent nerves
bones
efferent nerves
Zoe is learning about the brain in her biology class. She wonders, "Which part of my brain helps me stay steady when I walk on a balance beam?" What does the cerebellum help maintain?
body temperature
emotions
motor output
balance
Grace and William are curious about which small part of the brain helps with puberty and how fast we grow. Can you help them fill in the blank? The small ___ is involved with puberty and how fast we grow.
Amygdala
Pituitary Gland
Reticular formation
Sensory Strip
Mason and Grace are trying to remember where they left their keys! The ___ helps decide what memories transfer from the short to long term memory. Can you help them out?
Hippocampus
Corpus Callosum
Hypothalamus
Cerebellum
Emma and Arjun are curious about how we see the world. Even though it's far from our eyes, which part of the brain is the real MVP for vision?
Frontal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Reticular Formation
Scarlett and James are curious about the human body! Can you help them out by naming the two major parts of the central nervous system?
The brain and the skull.
The brain and the body.
The spinal cord and the brain.
The spinal cord and the body.
Sophia and Arjun are playing a quiz game. Sophia asks, "Hey Arjun, do you know which nervous system controls all those unconscious activities like breathing and heartbeat?" What should Arjun answer?
somatic
sympathetic
parasympathetic
autonomic
Imagine Arjun and Mia are suddenly startled by a loud noise! Their bodies prepare to either run away or face the challenge. This is called the _____ response, also known as fight or flight.
parasympathetic
sympathetic
somatic
peripheral
Lily and Avery are learning about the nervous system in class. Which part of the peripheral nervous system helps them control their conscious activities, like moving their arms or legs?
autonomic
somatic
sympathetic
parasympathetic
Priya and Kai are curious about how scientists peek into the brain’s activity. They learn about functional MRI (fMRI) and PET scans. What do both of these brain imaging techniques have in common?
provide a way to measure the functioning and activity of the brain.
produce black and white scans of the brain’s structures.
create selective injuries that allow researchers to study brain function.
provide detailed computerized interpretations of brain dysfunctions.
Imagine Maya and Emma are learning about the brain in science class. Their teacher asks, "Which part of the brain is the superhero that keeps your heartbeat steady, helps you breathe, and even lets you swallow your favorite snacks?" What is the answer?
cerebral cortex.
cerebellum.
medulla.
hippocampus.
Emma, Charlotte, and Lily are having a lively debate about which part of the brain helps them make smart decisions during their school projects. Can you help them out? The ______ lobes are responsible for higher mental processes such as decision making.
parietal
frontal
temporal
occipital
During a spooky movie night, Lily, Anika, and Samuel are discussing brain science. If someone has damage to their amygdala, which of the following would they most likely experience less of?
fear response.
sex drive.
incidence of depression.
allergies to food.
Mason and Abigail are having a friendly debate in class. Mason claims the left hemisphere of the brain is a language expert, while Abigail thinks it's all about pattern recognition. Who is correct? What does the left hemisphere of the brain specialize in?
visual-spatial perception
language
emotional thought and recognition
pattern recognition
Aiden and Benjamin are learning about the brain in class. Aiden shares that his grandmother has Alzheimer's disease and often forgets things. Their teacher asks: Which neurotransmitter is most likely impaired in Alzheimer's disease?
GABA
Serotonin
Dopamine
Acetycholine (ACh)
Imagine Jackson and Evelyn are learning about the brain's reward centers in class. When these centers are activated, which neurotransmitter gets released to make them feel happy?
Acetycholine
Serotonin
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Aiden and Lily are amazed at how our brains can adapt and change over time. What is this incredible ability called?
neurogenesis
lateralization
split brains
plasticity
Imagine Luna and Daniel are in science class, and their teacher asks: What do you call a molecule that sparks a response by binding to a receptor site?
Agonist
Antagonist
Axon
Ion
Anika and Harper are having a friendly debate in class: "Broca's Area, the part of the brain that helps us speak, is found in the __." Can you help them settle the score?
Right frontal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
left frontal lobe
Ava, Oliver, and Henry are exploring the mysteries of the brain in science class! Can you help them figure out which of the following groups of structures are part of the limbic system?
Cerebellum, Pons, Medulla
Hippocampus, Amygdala, Hypothalamus
Spinal cord, corpus callosum, amygdala
reticular formation, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex
Aria and Liam are studying for their biology test and want to know: Which neurotransmitter is responsible for affecting moods like hunger, sleep, and arousal?
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Glutamate
Serotonin
Abigail, Sophia, and Aria are curious: What are the human body’s natural “morphine” producers?
Serotonin
Glutamate
Endorphins
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Imagine Abigail and Scarlett are learning about neurons in class. After a neuron fires, what is the name of the period when it can't fire again right away?
refractory period
threshold
action potential
all-or-nothing response
Noah and Emma are having a friendly arm-wrestling match in class! Which part of their nervous system allows them to voluntarily control their skeletal muscles during the competition?
Autonomic nervous system
Somatic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Imagine Isla and Liam are learning about schizophrenia in their neuroscience class. They discover that people with schizophrenia often experience auditory hallucinations. Which area of the brain is most closely linked to this phenomenon?
temporal lobes.
motor cortex.
frontal lobes
hypothalamus
When a signal needs to get from one neuron to the other, it flows from the (a)
A signal from a neuron goes from the (a) to the (b) and is received at the (c) of the next neuron
The space between an axon of a neuron that is communicating with a dendrite of another neuron is called a ________________.
Neuron
Brain message
Stimulus
Synapse
Benjamin, Jackson, and Kai are trying to memorize a grocery list for their picnic. According to the serial position effect, which items will they remember best?
items at the beginning and end of a list, than in the middle.
nitems in the middle of a list, than at the beginning and end.
vocabulary words if you process them visually.
nvocabulary words if you process them acoustically.
Charlotte, Avery, and Oliver are trying to remember a list of words for a class game. Which of the following processes will help them remember the words best?
visual encoding
acoustic encoding
rote memorization
semantic encoding
Noah and Mia are discussing why we remember emotional events so vividly, like Priya's surprise birthday party! Which part of the brain helps make these emotional memories stick?
amygdala.
hypothalamus.
sensory cortex.
motor cortex.
Imagine Zoe is trying to solve a tricky puzzle, and suddenly she starts thinking about related clues she saw earlier. What is this process called?
the sense that one has been in a particular situation before.
better recall for experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood.
attributing a memory to an erroneous source.
the activation of associations in memory.
Imagine Avery and Lily are chatting in the school hallway when suddenly, Avery tries to remember the name of a movie star they both love. She’s sure she knows it and feels like it’s right on the tip of her tongue, but no matter how hard she tries, the name just won’t come out! What type of forgetting is Avery experiencing?
encoding failure
retroactive interference
retrieval failure
motivated forgetting
When Theo was a kid, he loved flipping through a picture album filled with fun family reunion photos. Even though he was home sick and missed the big event, he’s convinced he remembers playing games with Elijah and Mia at the reunion! Which “sin” of memory is Theo experiencing?
suggestibility.
persistence.
misattribution.
transience.
Rohan and Harper are having a friendly debate: Why do most North Americans struggle to describe the head of a penny, even though they see it all the time?
storage decay.
retrieval failure.
encoding failure.
motivated forgetting.
Grace, Harper, and Michael are studying Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin’s classic three-stage model of memory. They’re trying to remember which type of memory is NOT included in the model. Can you help them out? The options are:
short-term memory
long-term memory
flashbulb memory
sensory memory
Imagine Anika and Luna are taking their evening Spanish language exam together. Anika finds herself recalling the French vocabulary she studied that morning with ease, but struggles to remember the Spanish words she practiced that afternoon. Luna jokes that maybe Anika's brain is stuck in "French mode!" What does Anika's difficulty best illustrate?
the spacing effect.
proactive interference.
retroactive interference.
state-dependent memory.
Imagine defense attorney Evelyn is in court, passionately telling the jury that her client, Henry, works full-time, supports his family, and enjoys playing chess with his friends on weekends. None of these details actually relate to the case, but Evelyn hopes the jury will see Henry as a regular member of the community. What psychological concept is Evelyn trying to use to her advantage?
confirmation bias.
functional fixedness.
belief perseverance.
the representativeness heuristic.
Charlotte and Mason are shopping for new headphones. The store advertises a thirty-three percent discount, while another sign says "one third off." Charlotte thinks the thirty-three percent discount sounds like a better deal! What psychological concept does this best illustrate?
framing.
belief bias.
representativeness heuristics.
confirmation bias.
Imagine Aria and William are having a debate, and even after Isla shows them clear evidence that their ideas are wrong, they still stick to their original beliefs! What is this stubbornness called?
the representativeness heuristic.
belief perseverance.
confirmation bias.
functional fixedness.
Charlotte and Aiden are having a friendly debate: Charlotte says it's correct to say “a pretty bird,” but Aiden insists on saying “a bird pretty.” Who is following the important rule in English that decides which order words go in a sentence?
syntax.
semantics.
morphemes.
phonemes.
Samuel, Elijah, and Benjamin are having a quiz battle! Samuel asks, "Which type of memory is also called working memory?" Can you help them out?
long term memory
short term memory
sensory memory
forgotten memory
During a lively psychology quiz, Scarlett and David were stumped when asked about the meaning of the term proactive interference. Oddly enough, Scarlett could clearly recall that the term was printed on the fourth line of a left-hand page in her textbook, even though she couldn't remember its definition. This quirky memory of incidental details is best explained in terms of
automatic processing.
priming.
the serial position effect.
the spacing effect.
Mason and Sophia are having a spelling contest. To make sure she spells “rhinoceros” correctly, Sophia decides to say the word aloud 30 times in a row. What memory technique is Sophia using?
priming
rehearsal
the peg-word system
chunking
Ava, Benjamin, and Luna are gearing up for their AP final exam! They decide to restudy their course material together at the end of the semester, hoping to ace the test and remember what they've learned for a long time. Their strategy best illustrates the value of
implicit memory
the serial position effect
long-term potentation
the spacing effect
Sophia and Ethan are trying to remember a list of items for their magic show. They recall that “The magical number seven, plus or minus two” is a clue about the storage capacity of ________ memory. Can you help them out?
short-term
explicit
implicit
sensory
Oliver and Isla are preparing for their psychology exam. Oliver is tackling fill-in-the-blank questions to test his ________, while Isla is matching concepts with their definitions to measure her ________. Can you help them figure out which skills they are practicing?
recall; recognition
recognition; relearning
recall; relearning
recognition; rehearsal
Gerard and Priya are chatting about their favorite songs. Gerard has the title of a song right on the tip of his tongue, but just can't remember it—until Priya suddenly mentions the songwriter's name, and Gerard instantly recalls the title! Gerard's initial struggle to remember the song title was most likely caused by
repression.
encoding failure.
retrieval failure.
a physical decay of stored memory.
After a marathon study session, Liam and Emma spent the morning memorizing organic chemistry facts and the afternoon diving into biology. Now, Liam finds himself struggling to recall those chemistry details he worked so hard on earlier. What memory phenomenon is Liam experiencing?
retroactive interference.
proactive interference.
source amnesia.
the spacing effect.
During a lively classroom discussion about Ivy League colleges, Maya immediately blurts out "Harvard University!" when asked to name one. In this scenario, Harvard University is a
prototype.
mental set.
algorithm.
fixation.
Noah and Isla are watching a chess match between Michael and a super-smart computer. The computer impresses everyone by calculating every possible outcome for every move before making its decision! This kind of problem solving is best illustrated by
an algorithm.
the availability heuristic.
functional fixedness.
belief perseverance.
Anika and Liam are racing to solve a tricky puzzle. Anika decides to use a clever shortcut, while Liam sticks to a step-by-step method. The use of heuristics rather than algorithms is most likely to
save time in arriving at solutions to problems.
avoid the issue of functional fixedness.
yield more accurate solutions to problems.
involve greater reliance on language skills.
Harper and Aiden are having a friendly competition to see who can come up with the most words containing the letter d. To win this challenge, they would need to rely on
the availability heuristic.
divergent thinking.
framing.
convergent thinking.
Elijah is trying to use a paperclip to fix his glasses, but he can only think of it as something to hold papers together. What is this tendency to think of objects only in terms of their normal uses called?
functional fixedness.
belief perseverance.
the representativeness heuristic.
confirmation bias.
Jerome is convinced that his energetic 4-year-old grandson, Noah, is a hyperactive child. Why? Because Noah's constant zooming around the house matches Jerome's mental image of what hyperactivity looks like! Jerome's way of thinking best illustrates:
belief perseverance.
the availability heuristic.
the representativeness heuristic.
functional fixedness.
Which of the following is the best example of framing? Imagine you're hanging out with Abigail, Avery, and Noah, and you all spot these situations. Which one shows framing in action?
Abigail was locked out of her car. She didn't think to use a coat hanger to unlock the door before calling the police.
Noah felt very certain that he knew all the concepts in Chapter 2, so he was surprised to get 65 percent on the exam.
Despite reading several research studies demonstrating that therapeutic touch is no more effective than a placebo in treating pain, Avery still considers it a valid treatment option.
A television advertisement for lotion claims that it is made of 75 percent organic materials, not that it contains 25 percent artificial ingredients.
Charlotte and Daniel are playing a word game! They take turns putting different vowel sounds between a t and an n to make words like tan, ten, tin, and ton. The different vowel sounds they use represent different...
prototypes.
semantics.
morphemes.
phonemes.
Michael and Arjun are playing a word game! They come across the words “helped” and “called.” Can you help them figure out what the “ed” ending is called?
prototype.
morpheme.
syntax.
algorithm.
David, a European visitor, hopped into a taxi in the United States and said to the driver, “Can you please a ride to the airport me give?” The taxi driver chuckled, realizing David hadn’t quite mastered the ________ of the English language yet. What is David struggling with?
phonemes
semantics
syntax
nomenclature
Imagine Daniel, William, and Arjun are learning to talk for the very first time! The earliest stage of speech development, when babies start making sounds, is called the ________ stage. Can you guess which one it is?
grammatical
one-word
telegraphic speech
babbling
Imagine Ethan and Abigail are listening to their parents speak for the very first time. According to Chomsky, as they start hearing language, special settings or standards for the rules of that language are switched on in their . Where does this magical process happen?
category hierarchy.
linguistic prototype.
linguistic prototype.
language acquisition device.
Samuel, Mia, and Liam are sorting their favorite things, events, and people into groups. What is this mental grouping called?
Prototype
Concept
Algorithm
Heuristic
Avery and Benjamin are having a debate! Avery insists that confirmation bias is when you only look for information that matches what you already believe. Benjamin thinks it’s something else. Who is correct about what confirmation bias means?
Allow preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
Cling to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
Search randomly through alternative solutions when problem solving
Look for information that is consistent with one’s beliefs
David and Mason are puzzling over a tricky brain teaser in class. They keep getting stuck because they're seeing the problem in only one way. What are mental sets and functional fixedness examples of?
Algorithms
Heuristics
Fixation
Insight
Imagine Avery, Oliver, and Ethan are trying to guess which event is more likely to happen, just by thinking about how easily they can remember similar events. What is this strategy called?
Availability heuristic
Availability algorithm
Representativeness heuristic
Representativeness algorithm
Imagine Avery, Liam, and David are trying to solve a tricky puzzle together. What is the term used to describe the mental activities they use to acquire, retain, and use knowledge?
Cognition
Learning
Perception
Sensation
Imagine Oliver, a stockbroker, confidently telling his friends Hannah and Aria that his expert picks will beat the market average every time. What psychological concept does Oliver's belief best illustrate?
The representativeness heuristic
The framing effect
Overconfidence
Belief perseverance
Imagine you meet Ethan, who is 6 feet tall, weighs 210 pounds, and is super muscular. If you instantly think Ethan is more likely to be a basketball player than a computer programmer, you’ve just fallen for which classic thinking trap?
Belief bias
The availability heuristic
A mental set
The representativeness heuristic
After watching a dramatic news report about an airplane crash, Evelyn and Oliver start rethinking their summer travel plans. Suddenly, booking a flight seems much scarier than before, even though such disasters are extremely rare. In this scenario, what cognitive bias is influencing their decision?
Belief bias
The availability heuristic
The representativeness heuristic
Functional fixedness
Aria and Benjamin are having a lively debate in class. Which one of the following best illustrates belief perseverance?
Your belief remains intact even in the face of evidence to the contrary
You refuse to listen to arguments counter to your beliefs
You tend to become flustered and angered when your beliefs are refuted
You tend to search for information that supports your beliefs
Daniel and Avery are at the grocery store, debating which ground beef to buy. Daniel points to a package labeled “75 percent lean,” while Avery notices another labeled “25 percent fat.” Both packages are identical, but Daniel feels much better about the first one! What psychological concept explains why Daniel prefers the “75 percent lean” label?
The framing effect
Confirmation bias
Mental set
Overconfidence
Imagine Mason, Aria, and Kai are listening to recordings of Japanese, Spanish, and North American babies babbling. What do you think they would notice?
They wouldn't be able to tell which baby is from which country
They could tell them apart if the babies were older than 6 months
They could tell them apart if the babies were older than 8 to 10 months
They could tell them apart at any age
Imagine little Zoe proudly announces, “milk gone!” at breakfast. What kind of speech is Zoe using, and which set of language rules is she experimenting with?
Babbling; syntax
Telegraphic speech; syntax
Babbling; semantics
Telegraphic speech; semantics
Imagine Sophia, Aria, and William are debating how language affects our thoughts. According to Whorf’s linguistic determination hypothesis, what does he believe?
Language is primarily a learned ability
Language is partially an innate ability
The size of a person’s vocabulary reflects his or her intelligence
Our language shapes our thinking
Maya, Abigail, and Avery are debating the linguistic determinism hypothesis in class. Which surprising discovery challenges the idea that language completely shapes how we think?
Chimps can learn to communicate spontaneously by using sign language
People with no word for a certain color can still perceive that color accurately
The Eskimo language contains a number of words for snow, whereas English has only one
Infants’ babbling contains many phonemes that do not occur in their own language and that they therefore cannot have heard
Imagine Harper, Scarlett, and Lily are watching the clever chimpanzee Sultan in action! Sultan uses a short stick to pull a longer stick into his cage, and then uses the longer stick to reach a tasty piece of fruit. The students are amazed and wonder: How did Sultan figure out this solution? Researchers believe Sultan’s discovery was the result of:
Trial and error
Heuristics
Insight
Mental set
Henry and James are trying to remember a long list of grocery items for their party. They decide to group the items into a few familiar categories to make it easier to store in their long-term memory and recall later. What is this clever memory strategy called?
chunking
decay
mnemonics
interference
James and Harper are having a friendly debate in class. James says working memory is also called something else. Can you help them out? What is working memory also known as?
long term memory
short term memory
sensory memory
forgotten memory
Imagine Jackson and Lily are studying for their exams. Information learned while a person is ________ is best recalled when that person is ________. Can you help them fill in the blanks?
fearful; happy
drunk; sober
drunk; drunk
angry; calm
Dr. Mendoza is hosting a fun workshop where Scarlett, Aiden, and Benjamin are challenged to use clever mental strategies to solve tricky puzzles. What kind of psychologist is Dr. Mendoza?
Cognitive psychologist
Experimental psychologist
Organizational psychologist
Developmental psychologist
Avery, Ethan, and Rohan are trying to guess which snack is most popular in their class using the representativeness heuristic. When can this shortcut lead them to make a wild mistake?
We generalize our views to other, nonrepresentativeness heuristics
The representativeness algorithm does not match the representativeness heuristic
Possible variations in the prototype are considered
We fail to consider the approximate number of prototypes that actually exist
Scarlett and Ava are having a lively debate in class! Scarlett insists on only finding facts that support her opinion, while Ava tries to look at all sides. What is Scarlett showing an example of?
Allow preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
Cling to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
Search randomly through alternative solutions when problem solving
Look for information that is consistent with one’s beliefs
Benjamin and Abigail are trying to guess which event is more likely to happen, and they start thinking about examples that pop into their minds easily. What is this strategy called?
Availability heuristic
Availability algorithm
Representativeness heuristic
Representativeness algorithm
When Janice and her friends Elijah and Nora went camping, Janice realized she forgot to pack a pillow! Thinking quickly, she grabbed her down-jacket and used it as a substitute pillow. In this situation, what did Janice do?
Was not constrained by functional fixedness
Was constrained by a mental set
Was constrained by functional fixedness
Used an algorithm to solve her problem
Priya, Olivia, and Kai are playing chess together. Which of the following is an example of using heuristics during their game?
Trying every possible combination of letters when unscrambling a word
Considering each possible move when playing chess
Using the formula “area=length x width” to find the area of a rectangle
Playing chess using a defensive strategy that has often been successful for you
Pablo, Anika, and Elijah are trying to fix a wobbly chair in their classroom. Pablo keeps searching for a screwdriver, not realizing that the coin in his pocket would work perfectly to turn the screw. His oversight best illustrates:
functional fixedness.
the availability heuristic.
belief perseverance.
the representativeness heuristic.
Imagine defense attorney Mia is in court, passionately telling the jury that her client, Elijah, works full-time, supports his family, and enjoys playing soccer on weekends. None of these details are actually relevant to the case, but Mia hopes the jury will see Elijah as a regular member of their community. What clever psychological strategy is Mia using here?
confirmation bias.
functional fixedness.
belief perseverance.
the representativeness heuristic.
Abigail and Benjamin are shopping for gadgets, and the store advertises a thirty-three percent discount. Abigail thinks it sounds like an amazing deal, while Benjamin realizes it's the same as a discount of one third. Why does the thirty-three percent discount sound more tempting? This best illustrates:
framing.
belief bias.
representativeness heuristics.
confirmation bias.
Ethan and Jackson are chatting about birds. Ethan says, “Look, a pretty bird!” but Jackson tries, “Look, a bird pretty!” and everyone giggles. This funny mix-up best shows the importance of:
syntax.
semantics.
morphemes.
phonemes.
Arjun and Avery are playing a word game. Arjun says, “a pretty bird,” but Avery tries, “a bird pretty.” Which language rule explains why Arjun’s sentence sounds right, but Avery’s doesn’t?
syntax.
semantics.
morphemes.
phonemes.
Imagine Olivia and Mason are chatting about how kids learn to speak. Noam Chomsky’s theory of language acquisition says that everyone is born with a universal grammar that helps children pick up language easily. Which of the following statements would Olivia and Mason use to support Chomsky’s idea?
Children repeat words that they hear frequently.
Regardless of the language learned, children tend to make similar errors of grammar when they first begin to learn language.
Chimpanzees and other apes can easily learn language.
Some children’s vocabularies are extensive, despite the fact that they may live in poor environments
Evelyn and Michael are on a mission to find Tabasco sauce in a huge grocery store. They decide to check every single shelf in every aisle, one by one, until they find it. This adventurous approach best illustrates problem solving by means of:
the availability heuristic.
functional fixedness.
an algorithm.
the representativeness heuristic.
Aiden and Abigail are trying to figure out why they sometimes react to things without even realizing what influenced them! According to _________ theory, you are not consciously aware of how external stimuli have shaped your behavioral responses. Can you help them choose the right answer?
Constructive memory
repressive memory
episodic memory
priming
Benjamin, Maya, and Zoe are having a memory contest! Which type of memory will run out of space the fastest?
Short Term Memory
Long Term Memory
Sensory Memory
James and Anika are curious about how our brains store memories of fun moments, like their last school trip! Which part of the brain helps them remember these explicit memories?
brain stem
cerebellum
amygdala
hippocampus
Imagine Grace, Lily, and Arjun are competing in a school talent show. Grace has an incredible eidetic memory! With this special skill, she would have an edge to become a(n)
athlete
artist
music teacher
poet
Imagine James, Lily, and Abigail are trying to remember all the fun facts they've learned in school. When it comes to storing long-term memories, how much can the human brain actually hold?
roughly equal to seven units of information
enhanced through hypnosis
essentially unlimited
typically much greater in young children than in adults
Aria and Maya are chatting about unforgettable moments in their lives. What do psychologists call those exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events?
repressed memories.
sensory memories
mood-congruent memories
flashbulb memories
Evelyn and Benjamin are trying to remember a list of items for their magic show. They recall that the “magical number seven, plus or minus two” is a clue about the storage capacity of ________ memory. Can you help them out?
explicit
short-term
implicit
sensory
Noah and Aria are learning about memory in class. If a sensory message is important enough to enter consciousness, which type of memory does it move to from sensory memory?
Long-Term Memory
Implicit Memory
Echoic Memory
Short-Term Memory
Eidetic Memory
Priya and Ava are trying to remember their favorite science facts for a quiz. What is the process called that helps them make information meaningful so it moves from short-term to long-term memory?
Maintenance Rehearsal
Long Term Pontentiation
Elaborative Rehearsal
Declarative Memory
Implicit Memory
Imagine Maya just aced her big test and remembers every detail—the color of her desk, the sound of the bell, and even what David said right before the exam! When someone has such a strong emotional connection to a memory and can recall vivid details about that moment, they have just experienced a _______________ memory.
Iconic
Echoic
Non-Declarative
Flash-bulb
Recency
Imagine Sophia and Jackson are cramming for their big exam and wondering how quickly they'll forget what they've just learned. Hermann Ebbinghaus, one of the first memory researchers, actually graphed how most memories fade away. According to Ebbinghaus, when do Sophia and Jackson forget most of what they've studied?
The First Hour
The Second Day
Within the next three months
Within the next six months
The last 15 days.
Imagine Johnny is trying to unlock his phone, but he keeps typing his old password instead of the new one he just set. Which type of interference is causing Johnny to mix up his passwords?
Retrograde Amnesia
Anterograde Amnesia
Proactive Interference
Retroactive Interference
Encoding Failure
Imagine Avery just bumped their head during soccer practice and now can't remember anything new that happens after the accident. What type of amnesia is Avery experiencing?
Anterograde
Retrograde
Infantile
Iconic
Echoic
Imagine Ethan, Noah, and Sophia are traveling the world and trying to communicate using only their faces and gestures! Which of the following statements about nonverbal expressions is true?
A.People blind from birth cannot exhibit common facial expressions
B.The meaning of gestures is the same across cultures
C.Facial signs of emotion are generally understood across world cultures
D.People from different cultures have difficulty understanding nonverbal expressions
E.Nonverbal expressions is not reliably interpreted within a culture
Imagine Grace and Scarlett are feeling super hungry after a long day at school. Their bodies are sending signals that they need food! What is the name of the theory that explains how these physiological needs create an aroused state, motivating them to grab a snack and reduce the need?
A.Instinct theory
B.Drive-reduction theory
C.Self-assertion instinct
D.Arousal theory
E.Hierarchy of needs
Ava, Benjamin, and William are discussing the stages of the sexual response cycle described by Masters and Johnson. Which stage do they identify as part of this famous cycle?
A.Plateau
B.Refractory
C.Attraction
D.Compensation
E.Bingeing
Samuel loves food and can eat mountains of pizza, burgers, and ice cream, but he never seems to feel full! Which of the following conditions might explain Samuel's endless appetite?
A.Tumor in the hypothalamus.
B.Too much insulin.
C.Stomach ulcer.
D.Stomach bypass surgery.
E.Too much obesatin.
Harper and Zoe are about to compete in a super easy trivia challenge! According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, at what level of arousal would they likely perform their best?
high level of arousal
low level of arousal
baseline state
level of self-actualization
Abigail and Jackson are talking about why people do things. Abigail says, "I go to work because I get paid!" Jackson says, "I play games because they're fun!" Which statement best describes the Incentive Theory?
There is a reward for completing a task e.g. I go to work to get paid.
You need stimulation so find an interesting task to participate in e.g. play a game.
Imagine Maya is conducting a fun experiment with her pet rat. She stimulates a certain area in the rat's brain, and suddenly, the rat starts munching away! Which area did Maya stimulate to make her rat begin eating?
lateral hypothalamus
ventromedial hypothalamus
hippocampus
prefrontal cortex
Emma, Benjamin, and Elijah are discussing what makes people feel bored. If you wanted to explain why boredom can feel so unpleasant, which theory of motivation would help you the most?
refractory periods
sexual disorders
hunger
boredom
Aria decides to learn guitar just because she loves the way it sounds and enjoys playing it. This is an example of _______ motivation.
Intrinsic
Instinct
External
Priya, Henry, and Noah are competing to see who can ride the fastest roller coaster and play the wildest games at the amusement park! Which theory of motivation best explains their thrill-seeking and playful behavior?
Drive-Reduction Theory
Maslow's Hierarchy
Optimum Arousal
Instincts
Ava and Benjamin are chatting about what really gets people moving and motivated. According to psychologists, how do they define motivation?
an impulse to accomplish something of significance.
a basic bodily requirement.
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
the underlying cause of all our behaviors.
Imagine Aria, Abigail, and Mason are stranded on a deserted island. According to Maslow's hierarchy of human needs, what is the very first thing they would need to survive?
self-esteem.
love and friendship.
religious fulfillment.
food and water.
Evelyn and Lily are best friends. Evelyn notices that Lily is more afraid of being alone than of staying in a physically abusive relationship with her boyfriend. This situation best highlights the potentially harmful impact of ________ needs.
self-transcendence
belongingness
sexual
safety
Imagine Jackson is feeling super hungry during class, and that hunger motivates him to grab a snack to feel better. Which motivational theory explains how internal states like hunger push us to take action and reduce tension?
Drive reduction theory
Instinct theory
Arousal theory
Incentive theory
Luna noticed that she studies harder when her teacher promises a reward. When motivation comes from outside the self, like Luna's reward, it is called...
extrinsic motivtation
intrinsic motivation
humanistic motivation
stimulus motivation
Imagine Mason and Jackson are in a haunted house. Suddenly, their hearts start racing and they feel a chill down their spine. According to which theory do they first experience these physiological reactions and then label their emotion as fear?
Cannon Bard
James Lange Theory
Schachter / 2-factor theory
Imagine Mason and William are trying to figure out why their hearts race when they see a surprise in class. According to which theory of emotion do both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment need to happen before Mason and William actually feel the emotion?
james lange theory
cannon bard theory
2 factor theory/schachter theory
Imagine Mason and Grace are having a friendly debate: Mason claims that adults have a special body weight that their bodies automatically try to maintain over time, no matter what. What is this specific body weight called?
Set point
Refractory period
Hypothalamic plateau
Basal metabolic rate
Homeostatic weight
Imagine Anika and Oliver are walking home late at night when suddenly a cat jumps out from behind a trash can, making a loud noise! Anika instantly feels her heart race and realizes she's scared. Which theory of emotion would say that her fear came directly from her body's startle response?
James-Lange
Cannon-Bard
Two-Factor
Lazarus
Schachter-Singer
Imagine Elijah and Abigail are watching a scary movie together. According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, what happens when a jump scare appears?
Emotional response occurs before cognition
Physiological response occurs before emotional response
Emotional response occurs before physiological response
Cognition occurs before emotional response
Physiological response and emotion occur independently and simultaneously
Anika, Avery, and Nora are having a lively debate in class about emotions! Which of the following statements would help them win the title of 'Emotion Expert'?
Smiles are neither social nor emotional events
Inhabitants of individualist countries are more likely to display nonverbal emotions than inhabitants of collectivist countries
Mouths convey more emotion than eyes
Natively blind people who have never seen a smile will never generate a smile
Cultures share a universal facial language for basic emotions
Which of the following students is experiencing stress?
Jackson is feeling tense and anxious as he has to decide which college to attend
Grace is assigned an extra shift at work
Avery’s parents are allowing them to stay home alone while they go away for a weekend
Linda remembers to repay a friend the $10 she owes her
Enrico learns of a traffic accident on the interstate
Benjamin, Aria, and Kai are exploring the world for the very first time! According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, which stage are they experiencing as they discover their surroundings?
Preoperational
Sensorimotor
Formal operational
Concrete operational
Maya is playing with her favorite rattle. Suddenly, Abigail hides the rattle behind a screen while Maya is watching. If Maya has developed object permanence, what does she understand?
She is attached to specific objects, such as a blanket.
She will see all objects as being the same.
She knows that an object, such as a rattle, exists even if it is not in view.
She cries when a wanted object is taken away.
Imagine Scarlett comes home late and her parent immediately sets strict rules, insisting she must follow them without any discussion or debate. What style of parenting is this?
Permissive
Neglectful
Authoritative
Authoritarian
Imagine Luna, Benjamin, and Nora are all teenagers trying to figure out who they really are. According to Erikson, what is the main goal for them at this stage of life?
Trust
Calling
Identity
Integrity
Emma is gently stroking baby Zoe's cheek, and Zoe turns her head toward Emma's finger and starts making adorable sucking motions. What is this cute newborn reflex called?
rooting reflex
sucking reflex
grasp reflex
Babinski reflex
Imagine baby Nora and baby Noah are just born and starting their journey in life! According to Erikson, which stage are they experiencing between birth and one year of age?
Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Intiative vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Every morning, Luna, a lively preschooler, insists on picking out her own clothes for school. She often ends up with mismatched socks, buttons in the wrong places, and shoes on the wrong feet! When her mom tries to help fix her outfit, Luna giggles and says, "No thanks, I can do it myself!" What stage of psychosocial development best describes Luna’s independent spirit?
Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Intiative vs. GUilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Aria, a 38-year-old woman, decides to leave her high-powered marketing job to spend more time with her children and pursue a new career as a school counselor. According to Erikson, which stage of development is Aria experiencing?
Idenitity vs. Role Confusion
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Industry vs. Inferiority
Imagine Samuel and Kai have a parent who prefers a "hands off" approach, letting them learn from the consequences of their actions. This parent even considers themselves more of a friend than a rule-maker! What is the name of this parenting style?
Authoritative
Neglecting
Permissive
Authoritarian
Imagine Oliver and Lily are learning about animals. According to Piaget, what does "accommodation" mean when they adjust their understanding after meeting a new animal?
parental efforts to include new children in the existing family structure
incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.
developmental changes in a child's behavior that facilitate social acceptance by family and peers.
adjusting current schemas in order to make sense of new experiences.
Four-year-old Maya is excited to pick out a Christmas present for her mom. She chooses a toy doll, thinking her mom would love it just as much as she does! This best illustrates Piaget's concept of:
accommodation
attachment
object permanence
egocentricism
Imagine Grace is reading about pregnancy health, and she discovers that using an artificial sweetener could harm a developing fetus. In this scenario, what would the artificial sweetener be considered?
FAS
form of DNA
depressant
teratogen
Imagine little Priya and Benjamin exploring their world by grabbing and sucking on anything they can reach—just like Cindy! In Piaget's theory, which stage are these curious kids in?
preoperational
concrete operational
sensorimotor
formal operational
Imagine Lily, Luna, and Daniel are discussing their school projects. According to Piaget, during the formal operational stage, what new thinking skill do they start to use?
reason abstractly
adhere to social norms
distinguish between good and bad behaviors
become aware of the positive and negative consequences of their own behaviors
Benjamin and James are chatting about life’s big moments. According to Erikson, when does a man like Benjamin typically face a midlife crisis?
generativity vs stagnation
intimacy vs isolation
integrity vs despair
identity vs role confusion
Imagine little Anika and Michael are exploring the world for the first time! The sensorimotor stage in child development is all about...
motor skills
language development
understanding of others perspective
understanding complex mathematics
During which of Piaget’s stages would the individual begin to look at the world through a view without egocentrism?
sensorimotor stage
preoperational stage
concrete operational stage
formal operations stage
During which of Piaget’s stages of Cognitive development does object permanence take place?
concrete operational stage
preoperational stage
sensorimotor stage
formal operations stage
Which theorist was famous for their work with moral development?
Jerry Garcia
Erik Erikson
Lawrence Kohlberg
Steven Colbert
For which of the following was Harry Harlow known for?
stranger anxiety
imprinting
contact comfort
displacement
. According to Piaget, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object’s nature is known as _______.
centration
assimilation
conservation
object permanence
What was Mary Ainsworth trying to determine when she devised an experimental method called the “strange situation”?
the nature of attachment between caretakers and babies
parental discipline styles in the first year of life
aspects of purposeful exploration as the baby investigates a strange environment
the nature of gestural communication between mothers and babies
Bo is 18 and is looking into career options. He is currently deciding whether he wants to become a gourmet chef or a race car driver. Bo is at what stage of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development?
identity versus role confusion
generativity versus stagnation
intimacy versus isolation
industry versus inferiority
Mary Ainsworth observed that securely attached infants _______.
are not concerned upon separation, but cry to be picked up and held on her return
cry if the mother leaves the room, are easily soothed, and welcome her back when she return
protest loudly when the mother leaves, but resist contact with her when she returns
do not seem to care when the mother leaves the room and do not seek her out on her return
A phase of psychosexual development characterized by repression of sexual impulses.
vasocongestion
latency
repression
orgasm
Sucking and biting give the child sexual gratification as well as nourishment
anal stage
oral stage
phallic stage
genital stage
Gratification is attained through contraction and relaxation of the muscles that control elimination of waste products
anal stage
oral stage
latency
genital stage
According to Freud, in what psychosexual stage does a child experience the Oedipus or Electra Complex?
oral stage
anal stage
phalic stage
Latent stage
gential stage
In Freudian psychology, to become arrested or stuck at a particular psychosexual stage is to become...
stunted
mitigated
delayed
fixated
In Freudian psychology, a boy experiencing the Oedipus complex will resent his ___ and try for the affection of his ___.
mother: father
father: mother
sister: brother
brother; sister
In Freudian psychology, successful resolution of the Oedipus Complex involves a process called
identification
fixation
resolution
generativity
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