The study of systematic management of corrections is known as _____.

Penology is derived from the Greek word poine and the Latin word poena, which both mean ______.

What is the alternative name for Penology?

The practice of managing places of confinement, like jails or prisons, is called _____.

Which pillar of the Criminal Justice System is considered the "weakest" due to its failure to deter crime and reform inmates?

Correction as a process refers to the reorientation of the offender to prevent repeat offenses through individual measures of _____.

What term describes the skillful use of resources to achieve a goal?

What does "CJS" stand for in the Criminal Justice System?

The management of jails or prisons and treatment of offenders is _____.

What is the primary mission of the various programs and agencies in corrections?

Which of the following is NOT a pillar of the Criminal Justice System?

What is the machinery of any government for controlling and preventing crimes?

The term "leadership" is often used as an alias for which concept?

What evidence shows that the Correction pillar fails to deter crime?

In the 13th century, how many days could a criminal stay in a church to avoid punishment?

In 1468, which country was known for using torture as punishment?

What system was authorized in England in the 16th century to relieve prison overcrowding?

Which form of punishment was most common between the 17th and late 18th century?

Pre-trial detention facilities operated by an English sheriff were known as _____.

Long, narrow ships propelled by sails and rowed by criminals were called ______.

What were the "floating hells" of the 18th and 19th centuries?

Why did the English support the death of outlaws in the 17th and 18th centuries?

The doctrine of "Crude Intimidation" was used as a threat to ________.

According to historical notes, lawmakers and enforcers used the death penalty to protect ________.

Which country used the English system of transporting criminals in the late 16th century?

Why were "Gaols and Galleys" ineffective as punishment?

The 13th-century practice of sanctuary required the criminal to leave the realm by a specific path after their time in church.

Transportation of criminals was a 16th-century method to ________.

In the 17th century, which class of people was least considered in maintaining public order?

Which of the following best describes "Hulks"?

What was the "assigned road" in the 13th century?

Historical records show that people lacked confidence in the transportation of criminals because ________.

Punishment in 1468 England was characterized by ________.

The "floating hells" were used during which centuries?

Which school of penology supports "psychological hedonism" or "free will"?

The doctrine that individuals calculate pleasure and pain before an action is central to the ________.

The Neo-classical School believes some groups should not be punished because they cannot assess pleasure and pain. Which groups are these?

Which school of penology is known as the Italian School?

The Positivist School views crime as a ________.

According to the Positivist School, criminals are "sick individuals" who need ________.

Which school of penology suggests that the Classical doctrine is correct but needs some modifications?

In the Positivist/Italian School, the emphasis is on the ________.

Which school of thought advocates for a "non-punitive" reaction to crime?

Psychological hedonism assumes that conduct is regulated by the ________.

What is the main difference between the Classical and Neo-classical schools?

The Positivist School was a reaction against ________.

A "lunatic" under the Neo-classical doctrine is exempt from punishment because they ________.

Under the Classical School, the individual is seen as having ________.

Which school supports the statement: "Crime is a natural phenomenon, much like a disease"?