mountain in the Alps known for its triangular summit

Europe's most important inland waterway

body of water located between mainland Europe, the Scandinavian Peninsula, and Great Britian

geographical region in Europe that was once an independent kingdom

series of wars from 1618 to 1648 fought between Protestant and Catholic forces throughout Europe

founder and first chancellor of the German Empire

first emperor of the German Empire

German word for "emperor"

German ruler in 1914 who began strengthening Germany's military

worldwide war fought from 1914 to 1918; also knows as the Great War

the United Kingdom, Russia, France, and Italy; fought against the Central powers in World War I

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire; fought against the Allied powers in World War I

German submarines

treaty that ended World War I

World War I (Great War)

leader of the Nazi party; German chancellor who ordered the German invasion of Poland, starting World War II

worldwide war fought from 1913-1945

Germany, Italy, and Japan; fought against the Allied powers in World War II

France, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, and the United States; fought against the Axis powers in World War II

Hitler's imprisoning and killing of over six million Jewish people and others during World War II

Victory in Europe Day

imaginary political barrier that divided Communist countries from those that supported freedom

part of Germany controlled by the United States, the United Kingdom, and France until the country could recover from World War II

part of Germany controlled by the Soviet Union after World War II

German city that was divided into two parts after World War II

humanitarian plan in which the United States and United Kingdom provided food, fuel, and other supplies to West Berlin

barrier between East and West Berlin

World War II

mountainous area in south-western Germany that is known for its beauty and heavy growth of fir, pine, and spruce trees; has inspired fairy tales and folk stories for centuries

part of the Alps that is in southern Germany

part of the Alps in southern Switzerland; cover over half of the country

term describing a country that does not align itself with other countries in war

native Swiss who brought the Protestant Reformation to Switzerland

Switzerland's largest city

man who continued the work of the Reformation in Switzerland after Zwingli died

Christian humanitarian from Switzerland who started the international Red Cross

city in the Netherlands where most of the government offices are located

dam-like water barriers made of earth and stone

Europe's largest seaport

war fought from 1568-1648 for the Netherlands to gain freedom from Spain

English navigator who sailed on behalf of the Netherlands to North America; explored the Hudson River

first Dutch colony in North America

term used to describe Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, and Iceland; means "north"

peninsula on mainland Europe that contains most of Denmark and a small part of Germany

peninsula north of mainland Europe that contains Norway, Sweden, and part of Finland

long, narrow, and deep inlets of the sea with high, rocky banks

point on a mountain or in polar regions beyond which trees cannot grow

body of water that separates the Sandinavian Peninsula to the west

part of the Atlantic Ocean that borders the Scandinavian Peninsula to the west

part of the Artic Ocean that is northeast of the Scandinavian Peninsual

native peoples of the northern Scandinavian Peninsula and northwestern Russia; once known as the Lapps

land of the Sami; covers parts of northern Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia; once called Lapland

phenomenon in which the sun never fully sets below the horizion

phenomenon in which the sun remains below the horizion

one of the world's northernmost towns

Danish king who controlled Denmark and parts of England, Sweden, and and Norway

Danish queen who was Denmark's longest ruling monarch

massive glacier that covers much of Greenland

original inhabitants of places within the Arctic regions of Greenland, Canada, Alaska and Russia

student of Martin Luther who helped standardize the Finnish language; published a Finnish translation of the New Testament

Europe's largest glacier; located in Iceland

one of Europe's three southern peninsulas

Turkish word meaning "mountain"

arc-shaped mountain range in Eastern Europe

Europe's largest region of continuously level land

second longest river in Europe

largest ethnic group in Eastern Europe

Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania

400-mile-long chain of several million Baltic citizens holding hands, united in their desire for independence

Polish leader who formed the labor union Solidarity; Poland's first directly elected president

labor union formed by Lech Walesa to stand against Communist oppression

Ukrainian famine caused by Stalin's plans of collectivism; also called Holodomor

man whose preaching brought reformation to Bohemia

large sea on the eastern side of the Balkan Peninsula

Communist dictator of Romania after World War II

federation (union) of six republics in Eastern Europe that lasted from 1946 to 1992

Communist leader of Yugoslavia