WorksheetsMultiple-Choice Questions (Standalone; Choose A–D)
Total questions: 30
Worksheet time: 5mins
Under P.D. 1083, which statement best describes the legal role of the four Orthodox Sunni schools (madhāhib) in Philippine Muslim law?
They are the only primary sources, replacing Qur’an and Sunnah.
They are recognized sources used to interpret and apply Muslim law, subject to the Code’s conflict rules and higher constraints.
They are advisory only and never considered by Shari’ah courts.
They apply only to criminal cases, not family disputes.
Who is identified as the founder of the Hanafī school, and where was he primarily associated?
Imam Mālik, Medina.
Imam Abū Ḥanīfah, Kufa (Iraq).
Imam al-Shāfiʿī, Gaza (Palestine).
Imam Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, Baghdad.
How were Abū Ḥanīfah’s legal positions primarily preserved and systematized, according to the discussion?
He wrote a single definitive manual that ended all debate.
Key students such as Abū Yūsuf and Muḥammad al-Shaybānī recorded and compiled the school’s foundational texts and rulings.
They were preserved only by local custom in Southeast Asia.
They were preserved mainly through court decrees of P.D. 1083.
Who is identified as the founder of the Shāfiʿī school, and what role is he said to have played in legal methodology?
Imam al-Shāfiʿī; he bridged Hijāzī and Iraqi approaches and systematized uṣūl al-fiqh.
Imam al-Shāfiʿī; he rejected Sunnah as evidence.
Imam al-Shāfiʿī; he denied qiyās entirely.
Imam al-Shāfiʿī; he made custom superior to Qur’an.
Which work is described as Imam al-Shāfiʿī’s foundational treatise that systematically sets out uṣūl al-fiqh?
Al-Muwaṭṭaʾ.
Al-Risālah.
Al-Mudawwanah.
Al-Mabsūṭ.
Which methodological trait is presented as distinctive for the Hanafī school regarding hadith acceptance and use?
It tends to use fewer hadith due to stricter acceptance filters such as widespread transmission or consistency with established principles.
It treats any weak hadith as automatically binding.
It denies that Sunnah is a legal source.
It accepts only hadith narrated in one city.
Which juristic tool is emphasized as especially distinctive in Hanafī methodology for avoiding injustice when strict analogy is problematic?
Istihsān (juristic preference).
Naskh (abrogation).
Istishḥāb (presumption of continuity).
Ijmāʿ (consensus).
Which statement best captures the Shāfiʿī school’s position on istihsān as described in the discussion?
It is the highest source after Qur’an.
It is rejected as subjective unless anchored in text or disciplined analogy.
It is mandatory in all commercial law.
It replaces qiyās entirely.
Which method is highlighted as refined and systematized by Imam al-Shāfiʿī for extending rulings to new cases?
Qiyās (analogical reasoning) with disciplined identification of the ‘illah (effective cause).
Pure intuition without evidence.
Local custom as binding statute in all matters.
Abrogation by later jurists.
Which family-law issue is used to illustrate a clear doctrinal difference between Hanafī and Shāfiʿī rulings?
Eligibility for zakāt.
Whether a marriage guardian (walī) is a condition for the validity of marriage.
Number of prayer units in ʿIshāʾ.
Rules of salam contracts.
According to the Hanafī position summarized, which statement is most accurate about an adult woman’s capacity to contract her own marriage?
An adult woman of sound mind may contract her own marriage without a walī as a validity condition, though a walī is recommended and kafāʾah concerns may allow challenge.
A walī is always required for validity regardless of circumstances.
Marriage is valid without witnesses if the walī approves.
Only a judge may contract all marriages.
According to the Shāfiʿī position summarized, which statement is most accurate about the walī in marriage?
A walī is optional for adult women.
A walī is a condition for validity; if no suitable agnatic walī exists, the judge acts as public guardian.
A walī is required only for men.
A walī is replaced automatically by custom.
When Philippine Shari’ah judges face conflicting madhhab views, what is the first formal filter emphasized by Article 6 of P.D. 1083 as cited?
Global popularity of a school.
Consonance with the Constitution, the Code, public order, public policy, and public interest.
Whichever view is strictest.
Whichever view is oldest historically.
In the Philippine Shari’ah adjudication context described, what is talfīq?
A method of abrogating Qur’anic texts through statutes.
Combining elements from different schools when necessary to achieve justice in complex cases, while staying within Shari’ah limits.
Ignoring all schools and deciding by personal preference.
Treating custom as superior to Qur’an and Sunnah.
How should a judge treat community adherence (e.g., Shāfiʿī predominance in many Filipino Muslim communities) when resolving a dispute?
Consider it as relevant context but do not apply it mechanically in a way that ignores evidence, maqāṣid, and justice.
Treat it as absolute law that overrides textual proofs.
Treat it as irrelevant in all cases.
Treat it as ending the need for judicial reasoning.
Under the criteria listed, when can customary law (‘urf/‘adat) be legally authoritative in Islamic jurisprudence?
Whenever it is old, even if it contradicts explicit Qur’anic rules.
Only when it does not contradict Qur’an/Sunnah, is widespread and continuous, aligns with public interest, avoids harm, and has a defined scope.
Whenever a majority of litigants demand it.
Only in worship (‘ibādāt).
Which statement correctly distinguishes valid from invalid custom (‘urf ṣaḥīḥ vs ‘urf fāsid) and their legal effect?
Valid custom may be considered; invalid custom cannot be given legal effect because it contradicts Shari’ah principles or text.
Invalid custom is preferred because it is modern.
Both valid and invalid custom always override Qur’an.
Neither type can ever be used in muʿāmalāt.
Which statement best describes the relationship between ‘urf and explicitly fixed Shari’ah rulings such as inheritance shares (farā’iḍ)?
‘Urf can override explicit inheritance shares if the community prefers equality.
‘Urf has a sharply limited role where Shari’ah provides explicit fixed rulings; it cannot displace Qur’anic inheritance allocations.
‘Urf is mandatory in inheritance because property is cultural.
‘Urf automatically becomes primary evidence in all family matters.
Which Qur’anic passages are identified as the textual basis for detailed inheritance shares in the Sulu dispute analysis?
4:11–12 and 4:176.
2:219 and 2:185.
12:40 and 39:18.
5:1 and 5:3.
In the Sulu land-inheritance dispute, what ruling follows from the hierarchy described when a local custom contradicts explicit Qur’anic shares?
Apply the local custom because it is practiced for generations.
Apply Qur'anic inheritance shares and treat the contrary custom as legally ineffective in that context.
Split the difference to avoid conflict.
Apply only general civil law.
Under P.D. 1083, what is the procedural rule for proving Muslim law and ‘adat not embodied in the Code?
It is presumed automatically and needs no proof.
It must be proven in evidence as fact; and no ‘adat contrary to the Constitution, the Code, Muslim law, public order/policy/interest has legal effect.
It becomes binding if two elders testify even if it contradicts Qur’an.
It is binding only when written in Arabic.
After a court distributes inheritance strictly according to Shari‘ah shares, what accommodation is suggested to allow heirs to reach a voluntarily equitable arrangement without violating the fixed shares?
The judge may rewrite Qur’anic shares to match custom.
Heirs may gift or transact with their shares after distribution through permissible dealings.
Inheritance can be replaced by any new custom contract.
Female heirs may be excluded if they consent informally.
In Shari’ah-compliant venture capital design, which prohibition is described as definitive (qat’i) and therefore not directly relaxable by public interest (maṣlaḥah)?
Ribā (interest).
Risk-sharing.
Asset linkage to real activity.
Transparency.
In Islamic commercial law, what is the best standalone definition of gharar relevant to venture capital structuring?
Any uncertainty at all, including normal business risk, is always prohibited.
Excessive uncertainty or ambiguity in essential contract elements such that it invites dispute or unfairness.
Any profit-sharing arrangement.
Any investment in technology startups.
In Islamic finance screening, what is the best standalone definition of maysir?
Profit from productive activity with shared risk.
Gambling/speculation detached from real economic activity, where gain depends on chance-like outcomes rather than value creation.
Any forward sale contract.
Any equity investment.
Which maxim is explicitly used to express that entitlement to profit is justified by bearing liability/risk?
Al-kharāj bi-al-ḍamān (profit comes with liability).
Al-‘ādah muḥakkamah (custom is authoritative).
Al-umūr bi-maqāṣidihā (acts are judged by intentions).
Al-ḍarūrāt tubīḥ al-maḥẓūrāt (necessities permit prohibitions).
Which description correctly captures a muḍārabah-based venture capital investment structure?
Investor provides capital; founders manage; profits are shared by pre-agreed ratio; financial losses fall on capital while founders lose time/effort.
Investor lends with fixed interest; founders repay regardless of profit.
Investor guarantees profit in exchange for no liability.
Investor sells money for more money later.
In mushārakah for venture capital, which rule about losses is emphasized as non-negotiable?
Losses may be allocated by any agreed ratio.
Losses must be borne strictly in proportion to capital contribution, even if profits are shared by a different agreed ratio.
Losses must always be borne only by the entrepreneur.
Losses are prohibited in Islamic law.
Which structure is presented as a Shari’ah-aligned alternative to an interest-bearing convertible note?
A loan with interest plus compounding penalties.
An interest-free loan (qard) plus a unilateral promise (wa'd) to enter equity (e.g., mushārakah) upon milestones without guaranteed returns.
A gambling-based option contract with no enterprise linkage.
A guaranteed principal plus time premium arrangement.
In the uṣūl approach described, what is the correct role of ‘urf in determining acceptable venture capital practices in Mindanao?
‘Urf can legalize ribā if it is common in the market.
‘Urf can inform commercial terms (valuation, governance, reporting, exits) only if it does not contradict explicit Shari‘ah prohibitions or validate haram industries.
‘Urf replaces the need for Shari‘ah governance and audits.
‘Urf is irrelevant in all business contracts.
