AP Biology Unit 4 Review

Front

What is positive feedback in biological systems?

Back

Positive feedback is a process where the output of a system enhances or amplifies the initial stimulus, leading to an even greater response. An example is immune cells releasing inflammatory cytokines.

Front

What is a signal transduction pathway?

Back

A signal transduction pathway is a series of molecular events and reactions that lead to a cellular response after a signal (like a hormone) binds to a receptor.

Front

What are the main responses of a cell from a signal transduction pathway?

Back

Responses can include cell growth, gene expression, and secretion of molecules.

Front

In which phase of the cell cycle does the cell spend most of its life?

Back

The cell spends most of its life in Interphase.

Front

What is the end result of mitosis?

Back

The end result of mitosis is 2 genetically identical diploid cells.

Front

What is osmoregulation?

Back

Osmoregulation is the process by which organisms regulate the water and electrolyte balance in their bodies.

Front

Which hormone is most directly related to osmoregulation?

Back

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) is most directly related to osmoregulation.

Front

What is the role of insulin in the body?

Back

Insulin is a hormone that lowers blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells.

Front

What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells?

Back

Haploid cells contain one set of chromosomes (n), while diploid cells contain two sets of chromosomes (2n).

Front

What is gene expression?

Back

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, usually a protein.