Bio unit 4

Front

What is the role of cell-to-cell communication during an immune response?

Back

Cell-to-cell communication involves chemicals secreted from antigen-presenting cells that activate helper T cells, facilitating a coordinated immune response.

Front

What does metformin represent in a signal transduction pathway?

Back

Metformin acts as a ligand that activates the signal transduction pathway of the activation of AMPK, which regulates glucose production in the liver.

Front

What effect does a viral infection have on the cell cycle of infected cells?

Back

A viral infection can stimulate frequent cell division, with a significant percentage of infected cells found in mitosis.

Front

What is the primary function of plasmodesmata in plant cells?

Back

Plasmodesmata allow the movement of molecules between cells, enabling communication and transport of nutrients.

Front

What percentage of the life cycle of yeast cells is spent in DNA replication?

Back

Yeast cells spend 25 percent of their life cycle in DNA replication.

Front

Define antigen-presenting cells (APCs).

Back

APCs are immune cells that process and present antigens to T cells, initiating an immune response.

Front

What is the function of helper T cells in the immune system?

Back

Helper T cells assist in activating B cells and cytotoxic T cells, playing a crucial role in the adaptive immune response.

Front

Explain the concept of signal transduction.

Back

Signal transduction is the process by which a cell responds to external signals through a series of molecular events, leading to a cellular response.

Front

What is the significance of AMPK in cellular metabolism?

Back

AMPK is an energy sensor that regulates cellular energy homeostasis, promoting glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation.

Front

Describe the role of macrophages in the immune response.

Back

Macrophages engulf pathogens and present antigens to T cells, acting as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems.