1st Semester Biology Review

Front

What is the energy currency of the cell?

Back

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the energy currency of the cell, used to store and transfer energy for various cellular processes.

Front

Why are insertion and deletion (frameshift) mutations harmful?

Back

They change all of the codons from the mutation on down the line, which changes the amino acid sequence, potentially leading to dysfunctional proteins.

Front

What is the process where mRNA is read and made into an amino acid chain?

Back

Translation is the process where mRNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids, forming a protein.

Front

What process releases chemical energy from sugars to make ATP when oxygen is present?

Back

Cellular respiration is the process that releases chemical energy from sugars and other carbon-based molecules to produce ATP in the presence of oxygen.

Front

What are the phases of cellular respiration in the correct order?

Back

The correct order of phases in cellular respiration is Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain.

Front

Define cellular respiration.

Back

Cellular respiration is a metabolic process that converts biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP, and releases waste products.

Front

What is the role of ATP in cellular processes?

Back

ATP provides energy for various cellular processes, including muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and biosynthesis.

Front

What is a frameshift mutation?

Back

A frameshift mutation is a genetic mutation caused by insertions or deletions of nucleotides that shift the reading frame of the genetic code.

Front

What is the difference between transcription and translation?

Back

Transcription is the process of copying DNA into mRNA, while translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA.

Front

What is the function of mRNA?

Back

mRNA (messenger RNA) carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where proteins are synthesized.