Molecular Genetics Flashcard #2

Front

Changes in the nucleotide sequence within a gene

Back

Gene Mutations

Front

Point Mutation(s)

Back

Substitution (One base pair is substituted for another)

Front

Mutations lead to genetic _________ within populations

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variation

Front

Specific genes are transcribed into mRNA in order to build unique proteins that make a cell specialized. - Unutilized genes are blocked and "turned off".

Back

Gene Expression

Front

How can internal environment influence which genes are expressed or shut off? Hormones: Certain chemical messengers can tell a cell to make necessary proteins, Temperature: Ex. Himalayan Rabbits fur color changes due to warm/cold areas, Nutrition: Nutrients are modified into molecules that regulate gene expression

Back

Hormones: Certain chemical messengers can tell a cell to make necessary proteins

Front

Modifying biological processes to enhance the quality of human life

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Biotechnology

Front

Changing the DNA within an organism on purpose so certain proteins will be made = desired trait

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Genetic Engineering

Front

Removing DNA from a cell
- Break phospholipid bilayers of cell and nuclear membranes
- Isolate DNA from histones

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DNA extraction

Front

Makes billions of copies or a segment of DNA to be studied - Ensures there is enough DNA to manipulate in the lab with multiple scientists

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Polymerase Chain Reaction

Front

Separate DNA fragments by size
- Compares normal vs. mutated genes
- Compares similar genes found in different species
- Used to study DNA fingerprinting

Back

Gel Electrophoresis