East Asia: Song Dynasty Overview

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Bureaucracy

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A system of government with departments and officials who implement rules; in the Song Dynasty, it expanded massively through Confucian civil service exams.

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Civil Service Exam

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A test based on Confucian texts that allowed men (not women) to earn positions in government based on merit.

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Confucianism

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A belief system focused on social harmony, respect for hierarchy, and filial piety (respect for elders and family).

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Neo-Confucianism

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A blend of Confucianism with elements of Buddhism and Daoism; reemphasized traditional roles and education.

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Mandate of Heaven

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The belief that emperors ruled by divine right, and losing power meant they'd lost this heavenly approval.

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Champa Rice

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Fast-ripening rice from Vietnam that allowed two harvests a year, supporting population growth.

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Gunpowder

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Chinese invention used for military (bombs, weapons) and entertainment (fireworks); changed warfare.

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Printing Technology

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Woodblock and movable type printing let the Chinese produce books faster, spreading education and Confucian ideas.

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Compass

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Invented by the Chinese for navigation, especially useful in maritime trade and exploration.

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Grand Canal

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A vast waterway connecting northern and southern China, vital for moving food and goods.