AP Statistics: End-of-Year "Fun" Flashcard

Front

What is a p-value?

Back

The probability of obtaining a result at least as extreme as the one observed, assuming the null hypothesis is true.

Front

What does 'association is not causation' mean?

Back

It means that just because two variables are associated, it does not imply that one causes the other; it suggests a correlation or relationship.

Front

Define a lurking variable.

Back

A variable that is not included in the analysis but affects both the independent and dependent variables, potentially confounding the results.

Front

What is a residual plot?

Back

A graphical representation that shows the residuals on the vertical axis and the independent variable on the horizontal axis, used to assess the fit of a regression model.

Front

What is a sampling distribution?

Back

The probability distribution of a statistic obtained by selecting random samples of a specific size from a population.

Front

What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics?

Back

Descriptive statistics summarize and describe the features of a dataset, while inferential statistics use a random sample to make inferences about a population.

Front

What is the Central Limit Theorem?

Back

It states that the sampling distribution of the sample mean will be approximately normally distributed, regardless of the population's distribution, as the sample size becomes large.

Front

What is a confidence interval?

Back

A range of values, derived from a sample, that is likely to contain the population parameter with a certain level of confidence.

Front

What is the purpose of hypothesis testing?

Back

To determine whether there is enough statistical evidence in favor of a certain belief or hypothesis about a population.

Front

Define Type I error.

Back

The error made when rejecting a true null hypothesis, also known as a false positive.