Unit 2

Front

Personality has been studied for over 2,000 years, beginning with Hippocrates. Modern theories include Freud's psychodynamic perspective, which emphasizes early childhood experiences, and other perspectives like learning, humanistic, biological, trait, and cultural approaches.

Back

Personality is shaped by various theories, with Freud's psychodynamic perspective focusing on early childhood, and other perspectives reacting to it, including learning, humanistic, and biological approaches.

Front

Sigmund Freud proposed the first comprehensive theory of personality, introducing the id, ego, and superego. He believed personality develops through psychosexual stages, with unresolved stages leading to unhealthy traits.

Back

Freud's theory of personality includes the id, ego, and superego, and emphasizes psychosexual stages, where unresolved conflicts can result in unhealthy personality traits.

Front

Neo-Freudians like Adler, Erikson, Jung, and Horney built on Freud's ideas but reduced the emphasis on sex, focusing more on social and cultural influences. Jung introduced the concept of the collective unconscious.

Back

Neo-Freudians shifted focus from Freud's emphasis on sex to social and cultural factors, with Jung introducing the collective unconscious based on myths, legends, and art.

Front

Behavioral theorists like B.F. Skinner emphasized that personality is shaped by reinforcements and consequences. Bandura introduced reciprocal determinism, where behavior, thoughts, and environment influence each other.

Back

Behavioral theories highlight the role of reinforcements, consequences, and reciprocal determinism in shaping personality, as proposed by Skinner and Bandura.

Front

Albert Bandura introduced the concept of self-efficacy, which is the confidence in one's abilities. Rotter proposed the locus of control, describing beliefs about control over life events, ranging from internal to external.

Back

Bandura's self-efficacy refers to confidence in abilities, while Rotter's locus of control describes beliefs about whether life events are controlled internally or externally.

Front

Humanistic psychologists Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers emphasized the growth potential of healthy individuals. They believed in self-actualization, free will, and self-determination, with each person striving to become the best version of themselves.

Back

Maslow and Rogers contributed significantly to our understanding of the self, focusing on personal growth and self-actualization as key aspects of humanistic psychology.

Front

Biological approaches to personality suggest that genetics play a significant role in shaping our personalities. However, environmental factors like family interactions and maturation also influence personality expression.

Back

Personality is influenced by both genetic predispositions and environmental factors, highlighting the interplay between biology and experience.

Front

Trait theorists focus on identifying stable characteristics and behaviors that define personality. The Five Factor Model is the most widely accepted theory, consisting of openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

Back

The Five Factor Model categorizes personality traits along a continuum, providing a framework for understanding individual differences in behavior and personality.

Front

Cultural factors play a significant role in shaping personality. Individualist cultures emphasize independence and personal achievement, while collectivist cultures value social harmony and group needs.

Back

Three approaches to studying personality in a cultural context are the cultural-comparative approach, the indigenous approach, and the combined approach, which integrates elements of both.

Front

Personality assessments are tools used to measure personality traits, diagnose psychological issues, and screen candidates for various roles. Self-report inventories and projective tests are the two main types.

Back

The MMPI is a common self-report inventory, while projective tests like the Rorschach Inkblot Test and TAT assess unconscious fears, desires, and challenges.