AP WORLD UNIT 1

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Song China

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Powerful Chinese dynasty that reunified China after the Tang and built long-lasting political, economic, and cultural systems.

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Zhao Kuangyin

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Founder of the Song Dynasty who unified divided Chinese regions.

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Confucian Bureaucracy

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Government run by educated officials guided by Confucian values of hierarchy, order, and duty.

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Meritocracy

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System where officials earned positions through ability and education rather than birth.

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Civil Service Exam

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Competitive exams based on Confucian texts used to select government officials.

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Scholar-Gentry

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Educated elite class that replaced hereditary aristocrats in government.

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Mandate of Heaven

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Belief that rulers governed with divine approval as long as they ruled justly.

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Six Ministries

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Personnel, Finance, Rites, Army, Justice, and Public Works; managed the Song government.

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Censorate

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Government body that monitored officials for corruption or misconduct.

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Filial Piety

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Confucian value emphasizing obedience and respect toward parents and ancestors.