CHAPTER 16 LESSON 2

CHAPTER 16 LESSON 2

The Spread of Protestantism

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How can reform influence society and beliefs?

Protestantism in Switzerland

By permitting German states to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism, the Peace of Augsburg officially ended Christian unity in the Holy Roman Empire. Previously, however, divisions had appeared within Protestantism. One of these new groups arose in Switzerland. 

Ulrich Zwingli

Ulrich Zwingli was a priest in the Swiss city of Zürich. The city council of Zürich, strongly influenced by Zwingli, began to introduce religious reforms. All paintings and decorations were removed from the churches and replaced by whitewashed walls. A new church service consisting of Scripture reading, prayer, and sermons replaced the Catholic mass.

Multiple Choice

The Peace of Augsburg changed Christianity in Germany by

• outlawing all religions other than Lutheranism.

• giving German princes authority to regulate church affairs.

• allowing German states to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism.

• empowering Henry VIII to establish the Church of England.

John Calvin

John Calvin was educated in his native France. As a reformer and convert to Protestantism, Calvin had fled his native France for the safety of Switzerland. In 1536 he published his Institutes of the Christian Religion, a summary of his understanding of Protestant thought. 

Multiple Choice

belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved and who will be damned

• predestination

• Lutheranism

• indulgence

• Anabaptists

Reformation in England

The English Reformation was rooted in politics. King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon, with whom he had a daughter, Mary. He wanted to have a male heir and to marry a new wife, Anne Boleyn. The pope was unwilling to annul the king’s marriage, so Henry turned to England’s highest church courts.

Multiple Choice

The English Reformation differed from the Reformation in the rest of Europe because it

• gave the state no control over religious doctrine.

• maintained an alliance with the pope in England.

• was rooted in politics rather than religion.

• departed radically from traditional Catholic teachings.

Open Ended

Identifying Cause and Effect What caused the Protestant Reformation in England, and what resulted from it?

Multiple Choice

Anabaptists were viewed as dangerous radicals because they believed that

• early Christian practices should be abandoned.

• the state should not have any role in church affairs.

• priests were needed to interpret the Christian Bible correctly.

• only a chosen few in the community could become ministers

JESUITS

A Spanish nobleman, Ignatius of Loyola, founded the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits. Pope Paul III recognized Loyola's small group of followers as a religious order in 1540. All Jesuits took a special vow of absolute obedience to the pope, making them an important instrument for papal policy.

Multiple Choice

The final decrees of the Council of Trent

• reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs.

• empowered the Jesuits to try heretics, including anyone who was Protestant.

• stated that Christians should be god-fearing people.

• were meaningless because they were never put into practice

Multiple Choice

Lutherans and Calvinists did not agree on the issue of

• clerical celibacy.

• predestination.

• women’s rights.

• papal authority.

Open Ended

How can reform influence society and beliefs?