Diseases of excretory system

Revision

Chapters 6.1-6.2; 7.1-7.2

Multiple Choice

Which one is not released during lactic acid fermentation

• Carbon Dioxide

• Lactic acid

• Energy

Fill in the Blanks

What is the main product of the alcoholic fermentation? (excluding the energy release)

Multiple Choice

Which one of the following is wrong regarding the nephron?

• unit of filtration

• regulates water balance

• regulates temperature of body

• removes toxins like ammonia from the body

Multiple Choice

What are stages of urine formation?

• filtration

• secretion

• specification

• Reabsorption

Multiple Select

What are the factor(s) that affect the kidney function positively?

• Healthy nutrition

• Hypothermia

• Too much medication

• Infections

Diseases of excretory system

Chapter 7.3

Pyelonephritis

Acute pyelonephritis is a sudden and severe kidney infection. It causes the kidneys to swell and may permanently damage them. Pyelonephritis can be life-threatening.

When repeated or persistent attacks occur, the condition is called chronic pyelonephritis. The chronic form is rare, but it happens more often in children or people with urinary obstructions

Pyelonephritis: symptoms

• a fever greater than 38.9°C

• pain in the abdomen, back, side, or groin

• painful or burning urination

• pus or blood in the urine

• fishy-smelling urine

• nausea

• fatigue

Pyelonephritis: causes

• Urinary tract infection

• Bacteria enter the body through the urethra and begin to multiply and spread up to the bladder. From there, the bacteria travel through the ureters to the kidneys

• Any serious infection in the bloodstream can also spread to the kidneys and cause acute pyelonephritis

Pyelonephritis: treatment

• Antobiotics (levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, ampicillin)

• Hospital admission

• Surgery

Cystitis

Cystitis (sis-TIE-tis) is the medical term for inflammation of the bladder. Most of the time, the inflammation is caused by a bacterial infection, and it's called a urinary tract infection (UTI). A bladder infection can be painful and annoying, and it can become a serious health problem if the infection spreads to your kidneys. Less commonly, cystitis may occur as a reaction to certain drugs

Cystitis: symptoms

• A strong, persistent urge to urinate

• A burning sensation when urinating

• Passing frequent, small amounts of urine

• Blood in the urine (hematuria)

• Passing cloudy or strong-smelling urine

• A feeling of pressure in the lower abdomen

• Pelvic discomfort

Cystitis: causes

• UTIs typically occur when bacteria outside the body enter the urinary tract through the urethra and begin to multiply. Most cases of cystitis are caused by a type of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria.

• Noninfectious cystitis (Drug-induced cystitis, Radiation cystitis, Foreign-body cystitis, Chemical cystitis

Cystitis: treatment

• The usual treatment for bacterial cystitis is antibiotics

• Treatment for other types of cystitis depends on the underlying cause

Enuresis

Enuresis is more commonly known as bed-wetting. Nocturnal enuresis, or bed-wetting at night, is the most common type of elimination disorder. Daytime wetting is called diurnal enuresis. Some children experience either or a combination of both.

This behavior may or may not be purposeful. The condition is not diagnosed unless the child is 5 years or older.

Enuresis: symptoms, causes, treatment

• Repeated bed-wetting; Wetting at least twice a week for approximately three months

• A small bladder; Persistent urinary tract infections; Severe stress; Developmental delays that interfere with toilet training

• Most children with this condition outgrow it; Behavior training; Medications

Kidney stones

Kidney stones (also called renal calculi, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis) are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys

Kidney stones can affect any part of your urinary tract — from your kidneys to your bladder.

Kidney stones: symptoms

• Severe, sharp pain in the side and back, below the ribs

• Pain that radiates to the lower abdomen and groin

• Pain or burning sensation while urinating

• Pink, red or brown urine

• A persistent need to urinate, urinating more often than usual or urinating in small amounts

Kidney stones: causes

• Often, stones form when the urine becomes concentrated, allowing minerals to crystallize and stick together.

• Kidney stones form when your urine contains more crystal-forming substances — such as calcium, oxalate and uric acid — than the fluid in your urine can dilute

• At the same time, your urine may lack substances that prevent crystals from sticking together, creating an ideal environment for kidney stones to form

Kidney stones: treatment

• Small stones with minimal symptoms (Drinking water, Pain relievers, Medical therapy)

• Large stones and those that cause symptoms (Using sound waves to break up stones, Surgery to remove very large stones in the kidney, Using a scope to remove stones, Parathyroid gland surgery)

Recommendations

• Drink plenty of liquids, especially wate

• Take showers rather than tub baths

• Gently wash your skin after using toilet

• Avoid using deodorant sprays in the genital area

• Choose a diet low in salt and animal protein

• Continue eating calcium-rich foods, but use caution with calcium supplements

• Eat fewer oxalate-rich foods