Kidney review

Kidney review

Renal

• Cortex 

  Outer portion

  
  

• Medulla 

  Inner portion

  
  

Multiple Choice

medulla is the

• innermost portion of the kidneys

• outermost portion of the kidneys

• function unit of the kidney that filters urine

• the functional unit of the kidneys that reabsorbs water

Multiple Choice

cortex is the innermost section of the kidneys

• true

• false

Renal pyramid

• nephron- functional part of the kidney

Glomerulus

• capillaries that filter blood

  Afferent arteriole

  Efferent arteriole

  
  

Bowman's corpuscle

• epithelial space

Multiple Choice

the portion of the kidney that excretes urine into the renal pelvis

• renal pyramid

• the medulla

• the ureter

• the urethra

Multiple Choice

What C-shaped structure in the nephron surrounds the glomerulus?

• Bowman's capsule
• bladder
• renal pelvis
• hilum

Multiple Choice

the far right image is the

• loop of henle

• the nephron

• the glomerulus

• the kidney

Filtration primary function of the Kidney

• Pressure 

  Forces ions and molecules through the capillary wall

  
  

• Large Proteins cannot pass 

  
  

Multiple Choice

What two processes take place in the nephrons of the Kidneys

• Distillation and Evaporation

• Egestion and Excretion

• Ultra-filtration and Selective Re-absorption

• Mitosis and Meiosis

RAAS Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System

• blood pressure regulation

Renin

juxtaglomerular cells released form the kidney in response due to a drop in BP

Multiple Choice

What very important job do kidneys have?

• The filter urine
• To filter waste and excess fluid out of the blood
• To filter waste out of urine
• To produce urine

Multiple Choice

How does the production of ADH affect

urine?

• causes it to be more dilute

• causes it to be more acidic

• causes it to be more concentrated

• causes it to be more alkaline

Multiple Choice

ADH (antidiuretic) hormone regulates

• kidney filtration

• urine concentration

• electrolyte balance

• acid base balance

Multiple Choice

RAAS system regulates

• blood pressure

• kidney filtration

• osmoregulation

• electrolyte balance

Diabetes insipidus

• body cannot produce ADH

• cannot concentrate urine

Glomerularnephritis

• Inflammation of the Glomerulus

• larger molecules can be excreted in the urine, proteins and blood

• Foamy urine, bloody urine, swelling (edema),dry itchy skin

chronic hypertension

• Loss of protein and larger molecules

Metabolic alkalosis

• Acid base balance in blood is altered

Multiple Choice

Increased secretion of hydrogen ions would result in a(n) ______________ of blood ____________?

• increase, pressure

• decrease, volume

• increase, sodium levels

• decrease, pH

• increase, urea

Multiple Choice

an electrolyte that maintains fluid balance, nerve, and muscle function

• Sodium Na+

• Beryllium Be+

• Magnesium Mg+

• Hydrogen H+

Multiple Choice

Increased blood pressure over time can cause problems with the heart, blood vessels, kidneys and even the brain

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

a infection/swelling of the filtration unit of the kidney that can cause foamy urine, hematuria, edema, itchy skin

• glomerulonephritis

• nephronitis

• diabetes insipidus

• diabetes mellitus

Osmoreceptors in loop of henle

• regulate water reabsorption

• 99% water is reabsorbed

Acid and Base balance in collecting ducts

• Metabolism creates H+ ions

Acid Base balance in collecting tubules

• acidosis - your kidneys try to excrete more acid into the urine and absorb more bicarbonate back into the body

• alkalosis- When you have too little acid in your body your kidneys try to excrete bicarbonate and conserve hydrogen ions.

Electrolytes

• sodium- fluid balance, nerve and muscles

• potassium- nerve and muscle

• phosphorus- DNA and cell membranes

• calcium-bone, teeth, muscles

• magnesium- bone, teeth, nerves, muscles

Multiple Choice

Recall which hormone controls the levels of water reabsorbed from the collecting ducts.

• Testosterone

• Anti-diuretic hormone

• Adrenaline

• Progesterone

Multiple Choice

The movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration is called

• facilitated diffusion
• active transport
• osmosis
• dialysis

Multiple Choice

an electrolyte that maintains fluid balance, nerve, and muscle function

• Sodium Na+

• Beryllium Be+

• Magnesium Mg+

• Hydrogen H+

Multiple Choice

a condition that causes urine to be too alkaline

• acidosis

• alkalosis

• basicosis

• alkanitis

Multiple Choice

normal urine pH is

• neutral

• acidic

• basic

• limitless

Multiple Choice

under normal conditions the kidney reabsorbs

• 99% water

• 1% water

• 90% water

• 10%water

Multiple Select

hypertension can cause

• proteinuria

• hematuria

• chronic kidney disease

• positive leukocyte test

Multiple Choice

pituitary malfunction of ADH regulation causing dysfunction of water reabsorption is known as

• diabetes mellitus

• diabetes insipidus

• type 2 diabetes

• type 1 diabetes

Multiple Choice

Where filtration occurs and urine is formed

• Proximal convoluted tubule

• Collecting duct

• Urethra

• Bowman's capsule

Multiple Choice

where osmoregulation occurs

• Collecting duct

• Bowman's capsule

• Loop of Henle

• Urethra

Multiple Select

Kidney function includes all EXCEPT

• filtration

• acid base balance

• osmoregulation

• glucose regulation

Kidney stones

imbalances of electrolytes

Multiple Choice

kidney stones form from electrolyte imbalances

• True

• False

pH

• acid base test

• Normal urine has a pH of 6

  Range 4.5-8

  
  

• Food and certain medications urine pH more basic or acidic

pH results

•  high urine pH (alkaline)

  kidney stones, urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney-related disorders, vomiting

  
  

• low urine pH (acidic)

  diabetic ketoacidosis, diarrhea, starvation

  
  

Protein Test

• Proteinuria

  kidneys aren’t working properly

Protein results foamy urine

• UTI

• kidney infections

• diabetes

• hypertension

• preclampsia

• glomerulonephritis

Multiple Choice

a patient's urine sample and their chart indicates they have edema in their feet, which urinalysis test would most commonly be positive?

• nitrite

• hematuria

• proteinuria

• pH

Multiple Select

hypertension can cause

• proteinuria

• hematuria

• chronic kidney disease

• positive leukocyte test

Multiple Choice

pituitary malfunction of ADH regulation causing dysfunction of water reabsorption is known as

• diabetes mellitus

• diabetes insipidus

• type 2 diabetes

• type 1 diabetes

Glucose

• Glycosuria

   glucose is abnormally eliminated in the urine due to improper functioning of the renal tubules

• filtered glucose exceeds the capacity of the tubular system 

  
  

• 90% usually absorbed

Glucose results

usually diabetes mellitus

Ketones

• ketoacids -source of metabolic energy in circumstances in which the availability of glucose is restricted

• glycogen breakdown

  
  

Ketone results

• uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

• Fasting

• insulin-induced hypoglycemia

  
  

Blood Test

• hematuria

• Gross hematuria produces pink, red or cola-colored urine due to the presence of red blood cells

Blood results

• infection

• kidney stones

• kidney disease

• cancer

Multiple Choice

The patient is experiencing hematuria. Which process of urine formation has been ineffective?

• Filtration
• Reabsorption
• Secretion
• Excretion

Multiple Choice

What are two substances that are too large to be filtered from the blood in the glomerulus? (Hint: They are not normally found in urine due to their large size.)

• Urea and creatinine
• Water and electrolytes
• Proteins and RBCs
• Water and sugar

Multiple Choice

Why aren't RBC's forced into the glomerulus with the rest of the filtrate?

• They are too large to pass through pores of capillary membrane

• They are too large to pass through pores of capillary membrane

• They are forced into the glomerulus with the rest of the filtrate.

• None of the above

Multiple Choice

hematuria

• blood in the urine

• ketones in the urine

• glucose in the urine

• protein in the urine

Bilirubin Test 

• Degraded from hemoglobin

  Caused by bile duct obstruction

• can help early detection of liver cancer

Bilirubin results

• gallstones

• hepatitis

• cancer

• cirrhosis

urobilinogen

• confirmatory test for bilirubin

Nitrites

bacterial infection

Leukocyte test

bacterial infection

specific gravity

Measures the concentration of urine

Multiple Choice

The medical term for excessive urination is:

• incontinence
• nocturia
• oliguria
• polyuria

Multiple Choice

To avoid permanent

damage to the kidneys, antibiotics are used to treat a bacterial

infection.

• True

• False

Multiple Select

A UTI can cause all of the following

• proteinuria

• hematuria

• positive nitrite

• positive leukocyte

• high specific gravity

Multiple Choice

a urine sample that has high concentration due to dehydration would have

• high specific gravity

• low specific gravity

• high pH

• low pH

Multiple Select

check all that apply, a test that can detect an infection

• nitrite

• leukocyte

• blood

• urobilinogen

• bilirubin

Multiple Select

check all that apply, urinalysis test that can detect liver dysfunction

• urobilinogen

• bilirubin

• nitrite

• blood

• pH