American History 1 Review

American History 1 Review

New England, Middle & Southern Colonies Economy

NE—Shipping/Fishing

Middle—trading

South—Cash crops and slavery

Why? Geography

Middle—Diverse and most peaceful

Colonial Government

Mayflower Compact—1st written government

House of Burgesses—modeled after Parliament with colonial governor & legislature

New England Town Meetings

Assignment on Canvas

Middle Passage

African Slave traders from the West Coast of Africa captured other Africans from the interior of Africa

Only ½ of Slaves survived the forced migration

African Slave Traders gave Slaves to the Europeans in exchange for weapons and other goods.

It is estimated that 20-30% of slaves died en route to the Americas on the Middle Passage

England Influence on US Gov’t

Locke’s 3 rights—life, liberty & property

Magna Carta—great charter that limited England King rights

Limited Gov’t—gov’t must obey some law

Social Contract—people give up rights to be governed

French & Indian War (Seven Years War)

French & Indians trade together

British & colonists attack them for lands

Ben Franklin calls on colonies to unite

Franklin fears French & Indians will take over their land/culture

Revolution

Thomas Paine Common Sense—US ought to govern themselves; persuaded colonists to fight for freedom

France joins after Saratoga; gives colonists a navy & a chance to beat England

Revolutionary War DBQ on Canvas

Declaration of Independence

7/4/1776—US formally declares independence; wins it later on (revolution)

Complaints against English King George

Inalienable rights—given by God, cant be taken by gov’t

Articles of Confederation

1st government after the Revolutionary War

Colonists feared too strong a government (like England)

Problem: made state government too strong & fed. too weak

Shays Rebellion caused a change

Biggest Problem: money

States had their own currency which made it difficult to trade with one another

Led to huge economic problems for the country

Accomplishments

Winning the War: US Gov’t could claim credit for the victory and for negotiating T.o.P. terms

Land Ordinance of 1785: est a policy for distributing the western land

Northwest Ordinance of 1787: created rules for accepting new territory and creating new states

Problems

Financial: War debt goes unpaid, worthless paper money, no tax power for government

Foreign: no respect for a country that can’t pay off its debt/ take effective government action

Domestic: uprisings against high state taxes, imprisonment for debt, and lack of paper money

US Federal Constitution of 1787

Basic Structure

“It is much easier to destroy an old system than create a new one”

What does it do?

Explains the reasons our Framers crafted our Republican form of government: to replace the Articles of Confederation

Drafted over a period of about six weeks

Father of the Constitution: James Maddison

Eloquently phrased by the Committee of Style

Preamble= explanation, not law

Powers of each branch of the Federal government, and the states, are detailed in Articles I – VII

Basic principles

1. Popular sovereignty

2. Federalism

3. Separation of powers

4. Checks and balances

5. Limited government

6. Flexibility

a. can be changed,

b. people rule,

c. division of power between national and state govt,

d. 3 branches,

e. govt with controlled and less power,

f. one branch has power over another branch

Bill of Rights Debacle

December 15, 1791

First 10 amendments

Federalist v Anti Feds

Feds: you don’t need it

All powers outlined in articles of Const.

Anti: you MUST have it

Specifically state rights (not implied)

Amendments

1—Free Speech

2—Bear Arms

1st 10—Bill of Rights which helped pass the Constitution by calming fears of Anti-Federalists

13-15—black rights

18, 21—Prohibition

Separation of Powers

3 branches share power

Each has a power the other does not

One branch can “check” another if need be

Delegated—Federal

Reserved—State

Concurrent--Both

Louisiana Purchase: Background

Unexplored land; Mississippi/Missouri River

Owned by Spain; Napoleon (French) forces Spain to give it back 1801

Most valued port: New Orleans

“Right to deposit” revoked 1802 (see map)

Farmers enraged; demand Jefferson do something

1803: Napoleon losing interest because of war back home/rebellion in Haiti

Louisiana Purchase

US buys from France

Doubles size of US

Jefferson is President

Wonders if constitutional

Uses Hamilton’s Bank of US to pay for it

Lewis & Clark start in St. Louis, ending in Oregon

Route called Oregon Trail

GROWTH OF INDUSTRY

Mechanical Inventions: patent laws provide incentives to created new machinery

Interchangeable parts; Whitley and Cotton Gin

Corporations raise $$$: businesses can now sell shares of stock

Factory System: stolen British factories + embargo + War of 1812 = growth of new factories

New England emerges as leading manufacturing center; Samuel Slater: textile factories

Labor and Unions

Lowell, MA: textile mills grow thanks to women and children working; then immigrants

Artisans can’t compete; argue to shorten working days to 10 hrs

CONNECTING THE NATION

Transportation Boom

Efficient networking: Roads!

1820s: most of the country’s big cities are connected

Canals: Erie Cana completed in 1825 connects N.E. to the West; all major lakes and rivers connected by mid 1830s

Steamboats: shipping and travel is cheaper

Railroads: late 1820/30s; a new way to carry goods long distances

REASONS TO GO WEST?

New Land: provided after Native Americans were driven from lands

Economy: embargo and war in North East, new soil needed in South

Transportation: new roads to reach frontier

Immigrants: Europeans coming over; cheaper lands in the West

MISSOURI COMPROMISE BREAK DOWN

Applied to enter the union as a SLAVE state

Pre-Missouri: Slave States=11, Free States=11

Addition of a Slave State would give South control of Senate (North already had the house because of population)

Slavery Issue: “like a firebell in the night”-TJ

As president…what do you do?

THE COMPROMISE

Henry Clay

Maine is separated from Mass. to become a Free State

Missouri enters as a Slave State

All territory NORTH of 36,30’ parallel is closed to slavery

ANDREW JACKSON

Homegrown man born in a log cabin

Military history: American Revolution-War of 1812

Takeover of Spanish Florida

Crazy Duels, Gambling, Military Tyranny

Protection of Women at all costs

Loses Presidency in “Corrupt Bargain” of 1824

Indian Removal Act

Issued by Andrew Jackson

Cherokee goes to Supreme Court

Jackson says “John Marshall made his ruling now let's see if he can enforce it”

Indians sent to Oklahoma

INDIANS FIGHT BACK

The Cherokee, one of the five civilized tribes, fought back in the American way– sues the government

Precedents set by Chief Justice John Marshall

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 1831: Tribal Sovereignty

Worcester v. Georgia 1832: GA laws had no force in Cherokee Territory

GA ignores ruling…Federal Court v. State Laws

JACKSON AND AMERICAN INDIANS

Essentially, Jackson ignores the Supreme Court and ignores the checks and balances that are supposed to limit his power

Extreme racism at the time; many supported Jackson and he was never held accountable

VP, then President Martin Van Buren enacts the Trail of Tears because of the Indian Removal Act

15,000 Cherokees removed; 4,000+ deaths

Trail of Tears DBQ on Canvas

Manifest Destiny

God wants US to own all land from Atlantic to Pacific

1st—fur traders, then:

Gold Rushers 49ers

Mormons—Utah

Indians—forced onto reservations

Seneca Falls Convention

100-300 attend

Called for women to have the right to vote

Blacks & women working together for equality

Elizabeth C. Stanton—organized event and wrote sppeches

American System

Plan to unite country and make US economically self sufficient

Tariff—import tax

Strong Bank of US

North—industry

South—cotton

West—food

Southerners oppose

Slavery Issues

Dred Scott case nullified all slave compromises

Uncle Tom’s Cabin raised awareness of slavery nationwide

John Brown—seen as a martyr by abolitionists, a threat to Southerners

Harriet Tubman—railroad to Canada

Civil War

SC—1st state to secede

Ft. Sumter—1st shots

Antietam—deadliest day (25,000)

7/4/1863—Gettysburg & Vicksburg wins

Anaconda Plan—blockade, Richmond, control Mississippi

Bull Run—Stonewall Jackson

Watch the History of Mankind videos and complete worksheets