Psychological Skills for PE, Sport and Recreation

Psychological Skills for PE, Sport and Recreation

(Part 1: Theories in motor learning)

Prepared by WONG Enoch

Learning content

• Learning theories in motor learning

• Psychological factors affecting performance

• Stress management in sport

Learning objective

• Understand the psychological aspects of PE,

    sport and recreation

• Explain and regulate the process of motor

  learning and enhance their sports performance

Theories in motor learning

Skill Classification

Classified by

1. Function of the motor skill (locomotor skill, stability skill, and manipulative skill)

2. Whether fine or gross muscles are used (fine motor skill and gross motor skill)

3. Type of feedback loop (closed skill and open skill)

4. Cyclic property of the motor skill (discrete skill, serial skill and continuous skill)

5. Complexity of the motor skill (simple skill, low organisation complex skill and high organisation complex skill)

Multiple Choice

Which of the following movements is a closed skill in competition?

• A. golf swing

• B. basketball pass

• C. volleyball set

• D. wall pass in football

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a closed skill in a tennis match?

• A. Forehand stroke

• B. Service

• C. Receiving service

• D. Backhand stroke

Multiple Choice

Which of the following basketball movements is classified as a closed skill?

• A. Getting a rebound

• B. Throw-in

• C. Defending an offensive player without the ball

• D. Shooting a free throw

Multiple Choice

Which of the following activities can be classified as an open skill?

• A. sprinting

• B. handball game

• C. golf putting

• D. discus throwing

Multiple Choice

According to skill classification, which of the following categories does a handstand belong to?

(1) Discrete skill

(2) Serial skill

(3) Non-locomotor skill

• A. (1) and (2) only

• B. (1) and (3) only

• C. (2) and (3) only

• D. (1), (2) and (3)

Theories in motor learning

Information processing

• Information processing involves input, central decision making process, output and feedback.

Theories in motor learning

Information processing

At the early stage of learning, the CNS has to identify an appropriate motor programme which have been built in previously, or modify the neuromuscular instructions to cope with new situations. These explain why there are delays or errors in the motor response.

Theories in motor learning

Information processing

As we accumulate more experience, the motor programme operates in a highly autonomous manner and needs minimal involvement of the central nervous system.

Theories in motor learning

Skill acquisition

Skill acquisition is characterised by:

1. Good muscular coordination; increasingly enhanced movement effectiveness and efficiency.

2. Gradually developed motor programme; increasingly consistent movement performance.

3. Reduced cognitive control; increasingly automated movements.

4. Greater ability to identify minute differences in movements.

5. Greater ability to use subtle cues to refine movements.

6. Greater reliance on kinesthetic feedback to guide motor performance.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following about information processing in skill acquisition is correct?

Experiment:

New skill---juggling

video

In lesson…

Theories in motor learning

Stages of learning

1st stage: Cognitive stage

- learner is trying to familiarize himself / herself with the basic movements of the skill.

- learner needs to process a lot of information from visual, verbal and kinesthetic feedback.

Theories in motor learning

Stages of learning

2nd stage: Motor stage

-learner begins to integrate discrete actions into a set of serial actions.

-improvements in consistency, anticipation and timing.

-focus of this stage is to emphasize the refinement of the skill.

Theories in motor learning

Stages of learning

3rd stage: Autonomous stage

- performance of a skill is automatic, performed smoothly with little chance of error.

-performer can process information easily

-emphasis is placed on the strategic aspect of performance.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following are the first two stages of skill learning?

• 1st stage: motor ; 2nd stage: cognitive

• 1st stage: cognitive ; 2nd stage: motor

• 1st stage: imitation ; 2nd stage: cognitive

• 1st stage: cognitive ; 2nd stage: imitation

Multiple Choice

A person tries to memorize all the movement characteristics of a skill and performs it correctly. Which of the following learning stages is this person at??

• Cognitive

• Associative

• Autonomous

• Maintenance

Multiple Choice

When a basketball player's chest pass skill is at motor stage, his __________.

• A. kinesthetic feedback decreases

• B. movement consistency improves

• C. muscle coordination becomes worse

• D. skill refinement ability remains unchanged

Multiple Choice

Which of the following will happen when an athlete is in the autonomous phase of learning?

• A. athlete starts to recognise errors

• B. athlete makes frequent mistakes

• C. athlete provides frequent instruction and demonstration

• D. athlete makes fewer mistakes

Multiple Choice

A person is able to perform certain motor skills but makes mistakes occasionally. Which of the following learning stages is this person at?

• A. Cognitive

• B. Associative

• C. Autonomous

• D. Maintenance