Introduction to the Brain

Introduction to the Brain

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9.14 Introduction to the Brain

• Contains over 100 billion multipolar neurons

• It is the largest, most complex organ of the nervous system

4 Main Parts of the Brain

• Cerebrum: largest, higher mental functions, sensory and motor functions

• Diencephalon: processes sensory input and controls many homeostatic processes

• Cerebellum: coordinates muscle activity

• Brainstem: coordinates and regulates visceral activities and conneccts different parts of the the nervous systm

Multiple Choice

Part of the brain that processes sensory input and controls homeostatic processes

• Cerebrum

• Diencephalon

• Cerebellum

• Brainstem

Multiple Choice

Part of the brain that coordinates muscular activity

• Cerebrum

• Diencephalon

• Cerebellum

• Brainstem

Multiple Choice

Part of the brain associated with higher mental functions and sensory and motor functions

• Cerebrum

• Diencephalon

• Cerebellum

• Brainstem

Multiple Choice

Part of the brain that coordinates and regulates visceral activities and connects different parts of the nervous system

• Cerebrum

• Diencephalon

• Cerebellum

• Brainstem

Structures of the Cerebrum

• Largest portion of the mature brain

• 2 Cerebral hemispheres

• Corpus callosum connects hemispheres

• Surface contains gyri (ridges) and sulci (grooves)

• Fissures are deep grooves in the cerebrum-

• Longitudinal fissure

• Transverse fissure

Structures of the Cerebrum cont.

• Four Lobes: Frontal, Parietal,Temporal, and Occipital

• 5th lobe- Insula- found deep in the lateral sulcus

Cerebral Cortex

• Thin layer of gray matter on the outside of the cerebrum

• Contains 75% of the neuron cell bodies in the nervous system

• Beneath the cortex is white matter- myelinated nerve fibers connecting the cell bodies of the cortex with the rest of the body

Multiple Choice

The structure that divides the cerebrum into two hemispheres is the

• Cerebral cortex

• Longitudinal fissue

• Transverse fissure

• Corpus callosum

Multiple Choice

The structure that connects the two hemispheres is the

• Transverse Fissure

• Longitudinal Fissure

• Cerbral cortex

• Corpus callosum

Multiple Choice

The ridges on the cerebrum are called

• gyri

• sulci

Multiple Select

The lobes of the brain are which of the following?

• Parietal

• Insula

• Temporal

• Occipital

• Frontal

Multiple Choice

The cerebral cortex is gray matter

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

White matter is made of neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons

• True

• False

Functions of the Cerebrum

• Interpretation of sensory input

• Initiating voluntary muscle movements

• Stores information for memory

• Integrates information for reasoning

• Intellingence

• Personality

Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

• Functional areas can be divided into: sensory, association, and motor areas

• Sensory areas are located in several areas of the cerebrum; interpret sensory input, producing feelings or sensations

• Cutaneous senses: anterior parietal lobe

• Visual area: posterior occipital lobe

• Taste area: base of central sulcus and insula

• Smell area: deep in temporal lobe

Multiple Choice

The visual area is in the

• anterior parietal lobe

• posterior occipital lobe

• posterior temporal lobe

• base of central sulcus and insula

• deep in the temporal lobe

Multiple Choice

Cutaneous senses are found in which area of the brain?

• anterior parietal lobe

• posterior occipital lobe`

• posterior temporal lobe

• base of the central sulcus and insula

• deep in the temporal lobe

Multiple Choice

The auditory area is in the

• anterior parietal lobe

• posterior occipital lobe

• posterior temporal lobe

• base of the central sulcus

• deep in the temporal lobe

Multiple Choice

The smell area is in the

• anterior parietal lobe

• posterior occipital lobe

• posterior temporal lobe

• base of central sulcus

• deep in temporal lobe

Multiple Choice

The taste area is in the

• anterior parietal lobe

• posterior occipital lobe`

• posterior temporal lobe

• base of the central sulcus and insula

• deep in the temporal lobe

Association Area of the Cerebral Cortex

• Frontal lobe: higher intellectual processes (planning, problem solving

• Parietal lobe: understanding speech choosing proper words

• Occipital lobe: analyzing visual patterns and combine visual images with other sensory information

• Association areas next to sensory areas important for analyzing sensory input

• General interpretive area is found at the the junction of the lobes and is important in complex thought processing and integration

Association areas cont

• Wernicke's area: only on one side-usually the left temporal lobe

• important for understanding of written and spoken language

Multiple Choice

The association area for analyzing sensory input is in the

• frontal lobe

• parietal lobe

• occipital lobe

• next to sensory areas

Multiple Choice

The association area for understanding speech and choosing proper words is in the

• frontal lobe

• parietal lobe

• occipital lobe

• next to sensory areas

Multiple Choice

The association area for planning and problem solving is in the

• frontal lobe

• parietal lobe`

• occipital lobe

• next to sensory areas

Multiple Choice

The association area for analyzing visual patterns and combining visual images with other sensory information is in the

• frontal lobe

• parietal lobe

• occipital lobe

• next to sensory areas

Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

• Primary motor areas in posterior frontal lobes-anterior to the central sulcus

• Includes pyramidal cells- also called upper motor neurons that synapse with lower neurons that exit spinal cord to the muscles

• Broca's motor speech area- in the frontal lobe, usually the left side; controls muscle movements for speech

• Frontal eye field- controls voluntary eye movements (saccades)

Multiple Choice

The primary motor area lies in the

• posterior frontal lobe anterior to the central sulcus

• anterior frontal lobe posterior to the central sulcus

Multiple Choice

True or false. There is crossover in the brainstem in motor systems so that the right cerebral hemisphere controls the left side of the body.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

The Broca's area controls

• voluntary eye movements

• muscle movements for speech

Multiple Choice

The frontal eye field

• controls voluntary eye movements

• controls muscles movements for speech