23/3 F4BAFS

^{Ch.4 - 管理功能 Management Functions}

- Leading 領導

- Controlling 控制

領導 Leading

• Leading is guiding, directing, and motivating people to work towards achieving organisational goals.

• 領導是引導、指示和激勵員工達成組織目標的過程。

^{The methods that managers can use to lead are:}

^{管理人員可採用以下方法領導下屬：}

• Setting meaningful goals 訂立有意義的目標

• Giving clear instructions 發出清晰的指示

• Providing support and advice 提供支援和意見

• Understanding their needs 了解下屬的需要

• Communicating with them effectively 與下屬有效地溝通

Importance of leading 領導的重要性

• Motivating workers to perform their task 激勵員工執行任務

• Avoiding problems and mistakes 避免問題和出錯

• Improving company performance 改善公司的業績

^{Leadership style 領導風格}

• ^{Autocratic leadership 獨裁式領導}

• ^{Participative leadership 參與式領導}

• ^{Laissez-faire leadership 自由放任式領導}

Autocratic leadership 獨裁式領導

• do not involve others in decision-making. They keep all the power to themselves. 

  把所有權力集中在自己手上，不讓其他員工參與決策

• Their subordinates have to obey the orders.

  下屬只能聽從指令

• Although they may ask for subordinates’ ideas and suggestions, the input rarely changes their decisions

  儘管獨裁式管理者可能會詢問下屬的想法和意見，卻絕少因此而改變自己的決定

Autocratic leadership 獨裁式領導

• 👍 _{Decision making is effective 決策快速有效}

• 👎 _{Negative impact on employee motivation 對員工的積極性有負面影響}

• 👎 _{Lower job satisfaction 員工逐漸失去工作滿足感}

• 👎 _{Less committed to their work 對工作的投入也相對較低}

^{Autocratic leadership is appropriate when}

^{以下的情況適宜採用獨裁式領導：}

• _{The workers are inexperienced and passive. 員工缺乏經驗和被動}

• _{The workers are not willing to take up job responsibilities. 員工不願承擔工作責任}

• _{There is a crisis and a quick decision is required. 企業出現危機，需要迅速作出決策}

• _{The information needed for decision-making is available only to the managers. 只有管理人員可以取得決策所需的資訊}

• _{The decision is likely to be resisted by the workers. 決策很可能遭到員工反對}

Participative leadership 參與式領導

• Participative leaders delegate authority and involve others in decision-making.

• 參與式管理人員下放權力，讓其他員工參與決策。

Participative leadership參與式領導

• 👍 _{Ideas and suggestions from different people may result in better decisions}

  _{不同員工的想法和建議有助管理人員作出更好的決策}

• 👍 _{More motivated and more willing to carry out their own decisions.}

  _{員工較願意執行有關決策，工作時較積極投入}

• 👎 _{Slow down the decision-making process 阻延決策過程}

_{Participative leadership is appropriate when}

_{以下的情況適宜採用參與式領導：}

• _{Experienced and capable workers. 員工富有經驗和能幹}

• _{Willing to take up additional job responsibilities. 員工願意承擔額外工作和職責}

• _{Workers will be affected by the decision.決策會影響員工}

• _{Workers possess more information needed for decision-making than the managers. 員工比管理人員擁有更多決策所需的資訊}

• _{The decision cannot be carried out without support from workers. 沒有員工的支持，決策不能成功推行}

Laissez-faire leadership 自由放任式領導

• ^{Allow subordinates to make their own decisions.}

  ^{讓員工自己作出決策}

• ^{Delegate their authority to subordinates and support them to perform their tasks on their own.}

  ^{他們下放權力，並支持員工各自按自己的方式完成工作}

• ^{Do not provide any instruction and guidance.}

  ^{管理人員不向員工提供任何指示和引導}

• ^{Set some limits on workers’ power and hold them accountable for the results.}

  ^{對員工的權力設限，並要求員工對結果負責}

Laissez-faire leadership 自由放任式領導

• _{👍 Gives workers a sense of challenge, commitment and satisfaction in their jobs}

  _{為員工帶來挑戰和滿足感，令他們更投入工作}

• _{👎 Lead to chaos when workers just focus on their own tasks and fail to cooperate with others. 但如果員工各自為政，互不合作，這種領導風格或會帶來混亂}

_{Laissez-faire leadership is appropriate when}

_{以下的情況適宜採用自由放任式領導：} 

• _{The workers can work independently and are highly motivated. 員工積極、獨立}

• _{The tasks require freedom of expression工作需要很大程度的表達自由}

• _{E.g. painting and design 繪畫和設計}

• _{The tasks require high level of creativity 工作需要高度的創造力}

• _{E.g. scientific research 科學研究}

Controlling 控制

• Controlling is monitoring activities to ensure that they are being done as planned.

• 控制是對活動進行監督以確保它們按計劃完成的過程

控制有何重要？Why control is important?

• An effective control system ensures that all activities in the company are done towards achieving organisational goals.

• 有效的控制系統能確保企業內所有活動能配合企業的目標

Performance standards 表現標準

• are standards which managers use to evaluate and determine whether an activity has been done properly. 

• 是管理人員用來評估和決定一項活動是否妥善完成的標準

Multiple Choice

以控制為目的，標準必須要？

For control purpose, a standard must be?

• A.

  _{理想及可達到}

  _{Ideal & achievable}

• B.

  _{合理及可達到}

  _{Reasonable & achievable}

• C.

  _{有意思及可量度}

  _{Meaningful & measurable}

• D.

  _{可確定及可靠}

  _{Identifiable & reliable}

Multiple Choice

下列哪一個不是計畫的原因?

Which of the following is not the reason for planning?

• A.

  ^{減低運作的不穩定性。}

  ^{Reduces operation uncertainty.}

• B.

  ^{減少重覆和浪費的活動。}

  ^{Reduces overlapping and wasteful activities.}

• C.

  ^{選定在公司內要做的工作。}

  ^{Designate the jobs to be done within the company}

• D.

  ^{為控制定立目標和標準。}

  ^{Establishes goals and standards for control.}

Multiple Choice

為什麼組織功能對一間公司這麼重要?

Why is the organising function important to a company?

• A.

  _{它有助於發展一個良好的計畫。}

  _{It helps to develop a good planning.}

• B.

  _{管理人員可以與外界有更良好的溝通。}

  _{Manager can have better communication with outsiders.}

• C.

  _{透過分工可達至專門化。}

  _{Specialisation is achieved through division of work.}

• D.

  _{可指出偏差。}

  _{Deviation can be identified..}

Multiple Choice

下列哪一個是中層管理人員?

Which of the following is middle-level manager?

• A.

  ^總裁

  ^President

• B.

  ^分行經理

  ^{Branch manager}

• C.

  ^主任

  ^Supervisor

• D.

  ^工人

  ^Worker

Multiple Choice

讓管理人員保留所有權力和決策權的一種領導風格稱為:

A leadership style which manager retains all power and decision-making authority is called:

• A.

  ^{獨裁的領導}

  ^{Autocratic leadership}

• B.

  ^{官僚的領導}

  ^{Bureaucratic leadership}

• C.

  ^{民主的領導}

  ^{Democratic leadership}

• D.

  ^{放任的領導}

  ^{Laissez-faire leadership}

Multiple Choice

下列哪一項不是用來衡量一個員工表現的控制準則?

Which of the following is not the control criterion to measure the performance of an employee?

• A. 滿意度 Satisfaction

• B. 薪金 Salary

• C. 流失率 Turnover

• D. 生產力 Productivity

控制幅度和組織架構有什麼關係?

What is the relationship between span of control and ‘organisational structure’?

(8 marks)