Macromolecules

Macromolecules

L.18.1 - Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules. 

What words are important in that standard?

• L.18.1 - Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules. 

What do we have to know first?

Large molecule

Sometimes called Organic Compounds contains Carbon (C)

4 Types of Macromolecules

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic Acids

Multiple Choice

What are the four macromolecules?

• proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids
• monosaccharides, lipids, polysaccaharides, and proteins
• RNA, DNA, proteins, and carbohydrates
• proteins, DNA, RNA, and steroids

Multiple Choice

The element _______is found in all of the organic compounds.

• Iron
• Nitrogen
• Carbon
• Oxygen

Two things we need to focus on Macromolecules:

1. Basic molecular structure

2. Primary function

Macromolecule- Carbohydrate

• Carbohydrate

  Carbo - is close to what important element in macromolecules?

  Carbon

• Carbo – hydrate

• (When you hydrate, what are you doing?)

• Drinking H2O (water)

• Carbohydrates are made up of C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio.

• So if there are 2 Carbons, there will be 4 Hydrogens and 2 Oxygens

Multiple Choice

Which of the following organic compounds is the main source of energy for living things?

• carbohydrates
• lipids
• nucleic acids
• proteins

Macromolecule-Carbohydrate

• So if there are 6 Carbons, there are how many Hydrogens?

• 12

• And how many Oxygens?

• 6

• C₆H₁₂O₆ is the chemical formula for glucose

• 
  

Macromolecule Carbohydrate

• Carbohydrates are a polymer, composed of many monomers. 

• A monomer is made of one part (mono – one)

• A polymer is made of many parts (poly – many)

Carbohydrates

The monomers are individual rings, so a carbohydrate usually looks like this…

Multiple Choice

Which macromolecule is shown?
 View Figure 1 (if not visible)

• lipid
• protein
• nucleic acid
• carbohydrate

We’ve got the basic structure, now what’s the primary function?

• Energy

  
  

• Immediate, quick energy

Multiple Choice

Which of the following organic compounds is the main source of energy for living things?

• carbohydrates
• lipids
• nucleic acids
• proteins

Macromolecules Lipids

Two things:

1. Basic molecular structure

2. Primary function

Macromolecule Lipids

• Basic molecular structure – also composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. 

  
  

• The big difference is the number of Carbon and Hydrogen atoms.  

Macromolecule Lipids

• Primary Function

• Energy (Long-term energy storage)

• Make up cell membrane – phospholipid bilayer

Multiple Choice

Is found in the cell membrane as a bilayer. 

• lipids
• protein
• nucleic acid
• carbohydrate

Multiple Choice

Which macromolecule stores energy, insulates us, and makes up the cell membrane?

• lipids
• proteins
• carbohydrates
• nucleic acids

Multiple Choice

Waxes, oils and fats are examples of

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

Macromolecules: Proteins

Two things:

1.Basic molecular structure

2.Primary function

Macromolecule Proteins

• Proteins are made up of numerous elements, but for the purpose of structure, you should know Carbon and Nitrogen.

• A protein is easily identified because you will see a repetition of the bonding N-C-C.  

Structure of Protein

A protein (polymer) is made up of a bunch of amino acids (monomers) that are bonded together.

Macromolecules Proteins

• Primary function

• Enzymes (L.18.11) Catalyze the reactions

• Most varied role – are a part of most anything that we do

• Most common functions

  Movement and digestion

Multiple Choice

Proteins are made of... 

• C H O
• C H O N
• C H O N P
• C H O N S

Multiple Choice

The organic compounds that have many structural purposes and are used in many processes within the
cell are called ____________________.

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

Multiple Choice

Enzymes are..

• nucleic acids 
• carbohydrates 
• lipids 
• proteins 

Multiple Choice

Proteins are made of monomers called ___________

• Nucleotides
• Monosaccharides
• Amino Acids
• Glycerol and fatty acids

Macromolecule:

Nucleic Acid

Two types of Nucleic Acids each with their own structure.

DNA – Double helix

RNA – Single strand

Macromolecule Nucleic Acid

• Nucleic Acids (polymers) are made up of nucleotides (monomers).

  
  

• Nucleotides have three parts – sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base.

Nucleic Acid

• Nucleic Acids (polymers) are made up of nucleotides (monomers).

  
  

• The parts of the monomer for DNA and RNA are the same.

• 1 sugar, 1 phosphate, 1 nitrogen base.

  The easiest difference to see between DNA and RNA if you can’t see the structure is in the nitrogen bases.

• DNA has Adenine which bonds to Thymine and Guanine which bonds to Cytosine.

• RNA has Adenine which bonds to Uracil and Guanine which bonds to Cytosine.

Multiple Choice

Hormones are proteins that regulate many functions in the body, such as growth and cell differentiation. Which of the following does NOT describe a function of proteins in living organisms?

• They catalyze biochemical reactions.

• They provide support for connective tissues.

• They serve as a short-term energy source for the body.

• They carry molecules from one place to another in the body.

Multiple Choice

Carbohydrates are made of... 

• C H O
• C H O N
• C H O N P
• C H O N S

Multiple Choice

Lipids are made of... 

• C H O
• C H O N
• C H O N P
• C H O N S

Multiple Choice

Proteins are made of... 

• C H O
• C H O N
• C H O N P
• C H O N S

Multiple Choice

Which of the four major biological macromolecules can be easily identified by the nitrogen base and phosphate found in its structure?

• carbohydrate
• lipid
• protein
• nucleic acid

Multiple Choice

Genetic information is stored in which class of organic compounds?

• proteins
• lipids
• nucleic acids
• carbohydrates

Multiple Choice

Nucleotides are monomers of

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic Acids

Multiple Choice

Nucleotides are monomers of

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic Acids