

Tenses, Aspects and Voice 3: Past Perfect (Progressive)
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English
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Professional Development
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Helmuts Slisans
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46 Slides • 26 Questions
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Tenses, Aspects and Voice 3: Past Perfect (Progressive)

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Welcome back!
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Today - Past with the Perfect aspect
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Past Perfect
had + -ed
For example, 'Peter had worked.'
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Past Perfect
The same for I/he/she/it/you/we/they
Spelling rules: the same as in simple past
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Let's study the forms and spelling first!
In the examples, '[1]' indicates, which action is first
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Past Perfect: full positive forms
Peter had worked [1] in Italy before he came to Latvia.
Spelling: Typically, add -ed
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Past Perfect: full positive forms
Peter had lived [1] in Italy before he came to Latvia.
Spelling: Add -d if the word ends in -e
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Past Perfect: full positive forms
Peter had studied [1] in Italy before he came to Latvia.
Spelling: Take away -y and add -ied if the word ends in consonant + y
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Past Perfect: full positive forms
Peter had stopped [1] in Italy before he came to Latvia.
Spelling: Sometimes double to final consonant
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Irregular verbs in the Past
Peter had spent [1] some time in Italy before he came to Latvia.
Some verbs do not take any rules. You just have to learn them. For example, spent NOT spended
Check this resource for a list of irregular verbs: https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/irregular-verbs.html
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Past Perfect: short positive forms
I/he/she/we/you/they'd worked [1] in Italy before I/he/she/it/we/you/they came to Latvia
BUT: It had worked [1] in Italy before it came to Latvia.
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Past Perfect: full negative forms
Peter had not worked [1] in Italy before he came to Latvia.
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Past Perfect: short negative forms
Peter hadn't worked [1] in Italy before he came to Latvia.
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Past Perfect: questions
Had Peter worked [1] in Italy before he came to Latvia?
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If you've made it this far...
You're capable of grand things!
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You're really capable of grand things!
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Choose the correct Past Perfect form!
'[1]' indicates which activity happens first.
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Multiple Choice
'It can't be helped, it must be done,' he said after they (eat) [1] and rested. [W_fict_prose]
had eaten
had ate
had eat
had eated
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Multiple Choice
Just about this time he put his hand into his jacket pocket and found the two bills from Mouncy Street. With them was the letter he (not open) [1] [W_fict_prose]
has not opened
had not opened
had not openned
didn't open
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Multiple Choice
Canjuers was tough. We (drive) [1] for five hours in open lorries through a rainstorm, climbing into the foothills of the Alps and then across a wilderness of a training area [W_biography]
had drived
had driven
drove
had droven
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Multiple Choice
Naturally I jumped at the chance. 'What man? (You see) [1] him before?' [W_fict_prose]
You had seen
You seen
You saw
Had you seen
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Multiple Choice
Mostly she quizzed me about the burglars and I said (they try) [1] to get in through the bathroom window [W_fict_prose]
they tried
they had tryed
had they tried
they’d tried
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So far so good
So, when do we use Past Perfect?
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Past Perfect: uses
Past before past
I travelled to Rome last year. I had travelled [1] to New York the year before.
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Remember?
Past - finished actions
I travelled to Rome last year.
Past Progressive - actions in progress in past
While in Rome, I was studying Italian.
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Past vs Past Perfect: compare!
When I came home, James had already gone out [1].
James sold his car yesterday, but I had sold [1] mine the week before.
The person who had bought [1] my car, later sold it to someone else.
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Past vs Past Progressive vs Past Perfect: compare!
When I came home, Marie was eating, but James had already gone out [1].
James sold his car yesterday while he was talking on the phone, but I had sold [1] mine the week before.
The person who had bought [1] my car later sold it to someone else, who was looking to buy a car.
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If it seems complicated,
it is a great opportunity to learn!
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Use Past, Past Progressive or Past Perfect!
Sometimes multiple options may be possible, but choose which works best according to the rules!
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'[1]' indicates which action is first
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Multiple Choice
I passed Trafalgar Square where I observed the pigeons strangely doing the same things I (see) [1] just moments before [W_misc]
seen
saw
'd saw
had seen
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Multiple Choice
'Where are you going?' said Philip. This wasn't what he (plan) [1] at all, a detour.' [W_fict_prose]
planned
had had planned
were planning
'd planned
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Multiple Choice
'Get yourself outside, Maws. Go on now.' When she (go) [1], Sarah (pour) herself out a large mug of thick black tea. [W_fict_prose]
had gone; had poured
went; had poured
went; did poured
had gone; poured
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Multiple Choice
It (be) enough for me, the last straw. I (see) [1] and heard enough. [W_misc]
was; had seen
was; had saw
were; saw
was; seed
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Multiple Choice
I knew where I (go). I (plan) [1] it all out, not the day, just got up one morning and thought, 'This is it, I've had enough. I'm going.' [W_non_ac_soc_scinece]
went; planned
goed; planned
going; had planned
was going; 'd planned
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Good!
Let's see how it goes without '[1]' now
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Multiple Choice
Botha (earlier visit) the Baltic States where Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania established full diplomatic relations with South Africa immediately. [W_non_ac_polit_law_edu]
visited earlier
earlier visited
had earlier visited
was visitting earlier
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Multiple Choice
It was the day after the barbecue and Sara was reminded that it was here yesterday she (meet) Matthew. [W_fict_prose]
had met
meeted
met
had meeted
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Multiple Choice
He (smile) now as he approached the captain. 'Consider it done, sir.' [W_fict_prose]
had smiled
was smiled
was smiling
smilled
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Multiple Choice
'How much is that, Mrs McDougall?' She told me, and I (pay) her. [W_fict_prose]
was paying
had payed
were paying
paid
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Multiple Choice
Then he (have) a shower and changed. His Mum (leave) him a note on the kitchen table. 'Clear your room.' [W_fict_prose]
has, left
had; had left
had had; had left
was having; had left
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Multiple Choice
The holidaymakers (have) a party and one of the prisoners went and (ask) them to keep the noise down. [W_fict_prose]
had; asked
had; had asked
were having; asked
were having; were asking
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Past Perfect - Done!
Sending you strength to finish the rest!
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Past with the Perfect aspect and the Progressive Aspect
What is this?
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Past Perfect Progressive
had + been + -ing
For example, 'Robert had been working out.'
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Past Perfect Progressive
The same for I/he/she/it/you/we/they
Spelling rules: the same as for all -ing words
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Past Perfect Progressive: full positive forms
Robert had been working out.
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Past Perfect Progressive: short positive forms
I/he/she/we/you/they'd been working.
BUT: It had been working out.
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Past Perfect Progressive: full negative forms
Robert had not been working out.
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Past Perfect Progressive: short negative forms
Robert hadn't been working out.
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Past Perfect Progressive: questions
Had Robert been working out?
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Now use Present Perfect Progressive!
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Multiple Choice
He looked as if he (wait) for some time. 'Where have you been?' [W_fict_prose]
had been waiting
was waited
had been waited
waited
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Multiple Choice
A lot of personal things (happen) to me during that year. I was growing up very quickly. [W_ac_soc_science]
was happening
had happening
had been happening
had been happened
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Multiple Choice
Ruth had no idea how long they (drive) when Sean turned the horses off the road on to a narrow side track. [W_fict_prose]
was driven
had been driving
had driven
drove
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Multiple Choice
She had been crying and said that she '(feel) awful' all day. [W_ac_polit_law_edu]
felt
had had felt
had been feeling
was felt
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Multiple Choice
She (write) poems since her childhood, and at university was busy with poems, stories, editing the Smith Review, keeping up a high academic standard, and leading a full social life. [W_biography]
had written
had been writing
wrote
written
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When to use Past Perfect Progressive?
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Past Perfect Progressive: uses
Activity in progress until a particular time, happening before another activity. Sometimes, the action is not completed.
Robert had already been working out for an hour when I joined.
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Past Perfect vs Past Perfect Progressive: compare!
Robert had already worked out when I joined. (Robert had finished his workout)
Robert had already been working out for an hour when I joined. (Robert was in the middle of his workout)
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Past Perfect vs Past Perfect Progressive: compare!
Robert was working out on a Sunday because he had skipped the previous workout. (Finished action before another action in the past)
Robert was working out on a Sunday because he had been skipping workouts lately. (Continuing at some point in the past before another action)
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Past Perfect vs Past Perfect Progressive: compare!
Sometimes both are possible if the action is completed:
Robert had run a marathon.
Robert had been running a marathon.
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Past Perfect vs Past Perfect Progressive: compare!
Sometimes both are possible if the action is completed, however, Past Perfect Progressive happened recently, and the result is visible:
Robert had run a marathon. [maybe a long time ago]
Robert had been running a marathon. [I could see he was tired]
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Use Past Perfect or Past Perfect Progressive!
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Multiple Choice
She told him where she (be), what she had seen. [W_fict_prose]
had been
was
had been being
had being
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Multiple Choice
Helen (try) to learn for some time, but she found it very hard although Tony was endlessly patient with her. [W_fict_prose]
had tried
was tried
had trying
had been trying
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Multiple Choice
Although he (write) letters for months he was only a quarter of the way through the names beginning with 'A' [W_fict_prose]
wrote
had wrotten
had writing
had been writing
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Multiple Choice
He didn't believe like his Mum, that Lee (make) trouble, knocking and then running off. [W_fict_prose]
had had been making
had maked
had making
had been making
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Multiple Choice
The object in question was Franca's divan bed, the one she had slept on in the upstairs spare room when she (look) after Patrick. [W_fict_prose]
had looked
had been looking
looked
had been looked
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Incredible! You did it!
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Don't worry if you made mistakes.
Nobody is perfect, and little progress is still progress.
Tenses, Aspects and Voice 3: Past Perfect (Progressive)

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