Biology EOC Review 1

Biology EOC Review 1

Scientific Method, Macromolecules, Cells, Cellular Energy, & Cell Cycle

Scientific Method

• The scientific method involves making observations and asking questions. Scientists form hypotheses based on these observations and then develop controlled experiments to collecting and analyze data. Using this data, they are able to draw conclusions and form questions for new scientific research

• Independent variables (IV): These are the factors or conditions that you manipulate in an experiment. Your hypothesis is that this variable causes a direct effect on the dependent variable. 

• Dependent variables (DV): These are the factor that you observe or measure. As you vary your independent variable you watch what happens to your dependent variable.

Multiple Choice

An experiment is performed on plants to see how different liquids affect plant growth. Each plant in the experiment is given a different liquid; water, apple juice, or milk. Each plant has the same amount of soil, sunlight, and listens to the same music. In this investigation, the independent variable is ...

• The type of plant

• The amount of sunlight

• The type of music

• The type of liquid

Multiple Choice

What elements are common to all 4 biomolecules?

• Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
• Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
• Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
• Carbon, Hydrogen, Phosphorus

Multiple Choice

What are the single sugars that are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

• monosaccharides
• disaccharides
• polysaccharides
• amino acid

Multiple Choice

Which major macromolecule is being represented in this image? 

• carbohydrate
• lipid
• protein
• nucleic acid

Multiple Choice

These molecules represent which organic molecule?

• proteins
• lipids
• nucleic acids
• carbohydrates

Multiple Choice

Which 2 molecules forms the sides (backbone) of the DNA ladder?

• deoxyribose and adenine
• deoxyribose and a hydrogen bond
• sugar and the nucleus
• deoxyribose (sugar) and phosphate

Multiple Choice

Enzymes catalyze reactions by ___________ Activation Energy.

• Increasing

• Decreasing

Multiple Choice

What happens when enzymes are heated to a high temperature?

• The enzymes die.

• The shapes of the enzyme are altered or denatured

• The enzymes' amino acid sequence changes.

• The enzymes remain the same

Multiple Choice

Which of these is NOT true?

• Enzymes can denature (change shape) when the temperature gets too high.
• Enzymes can only be used once in a chemical reaction. 
• Extreme pH can denature enzymes.
• Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. 

Multiple Choice

What is structure D?

• Substrate

• Active site

• Enzyme

• Products

Multiple Choice

This structure produces protein in the cell.

• Ribosomes
• Cytoplasm
• Nucleus
• Lysosomes

Multiple Choice

This structure packages and distributes proteins throughout the cell. 

• Golgi Body
• Lysosome
• Ribosome
• Mitochondria

Multiple Choice

This small structures break down materials in the cell.

• Cholorplasts
• Ribosomes
• Lysosomes
• Golgi Body

Multiple Choice

Which is true of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

• Prokaryotic cells are larger than eukaryotic cells.
• Eukaryotic cells do not have nuclei, and prokaryotic cells do have nuclei.
• Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles, and eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles.
• Eukaryotic cells are simpler than prokaryotic cells.

Multiple Choice

All eukaryotes and prokaryotes are surrounded by a _____.

• cell wall

• cell membrane

• cell envelope

• loving, supportive family

Multiple Choice

SOME eukaryotes and prokaryotes are surrounded by a _____.

• cell wall

• cell membrane

• cell envelope

• capsid coat

Multiple Choice

The cell membrane regulates what goes in and out of the cell by only allowing certain substances to pass through. Substances can cross the membrane by either passive or active transport. Active transport includes

• diffusion.

• the sodium-potassium pump.

• osmosis.

• transport NOT using cell energy..

Multiple Choice

Active transport requires ______, moves materials from __________________, and goes _______ the concentration gradient.

• No energy, low to high, against
• ATP, high to low, with
• ATP, low to high, with
• ATP, low to high, against

Multiple Choice

A cell will __________________ in a hypotonic solution.

• swell and perhaps burst (lyse)
• shrink
• the size of the cell will not change
• the size of the cell will change from large to small and from small to large

Multiple Choice

A cell will _____________________ in a hypertonic solution.

• swell
• shrink
• will not change
• will explode

Multiple Choice

Active transport requires

• energy
• the nucleus
• chloroplasts
• lysosomes

Multiple Choice

• Passive Transport

• Active Transport

Multiple Choice

The diagram below shows the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration and the organelles in which they occur. Which statement describes how photosynthesis and cellular respiration are interrelated?

• Oxygen is produced during cellular respiration and stored during photosynthesis.

• Carbon dioxide and water released by cellular respiration are used in photosynthesis.

• Photosynthesis releases the energy that is stored during the process of cellular respiration.

• Glucose is used during cellular respiration to produce food that is broken down during photosynthesis.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following structure is where cellular respiration (Kreb's Cycle and Electron Transport Chain) occurs in the cell?

• nucleus

• cytoplasm

• mitochondria

• vacuoles

Multiple Choice

In each phase of cellular respiration there is a certain amount of chemical energy harvested in the form of ATP. On a perfect day, with everything running at 100% efficiency, how many molecules of ATP can we harvest from 1 molecule of glucose in the prescence of oxygen?

• 38

• 23

• 4

• 2

Multiple Choice

During which phase of cellular respiration is the most ATP harvested?

• Glycolysis

• Krebs Cycle

• Electron Transport Chain

• Citric Acid Cycle

Multiple Choice

Energy is released from ATP when

• a phosphate group is added
• adenine bonds to ribose
• ATP is exposed to sunlight
• a phosphate group is removed

Multiple Choice

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

• CO₂ + H₂O + O₂ -----------------> C₆H₁₂O₆

• C₆H₁₂O₆ + CO_{2 + LE} -----------------> H₂O + O2 (+energy)

• C₆H₁₂O₆ + O_{2 + LE}-----------------> CO₂ + H₂O (+energy)

• CO₂ + H₂O + LE -----------------> C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂

Multiple Choice

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

• CO₂ + H₂O + O_{2 -------------------->} C₆H₁₂O₆ + ATP

• C₆H₁₂O₆ + CO_{2 ----------------->} O₂ + H₂O + ATP

• C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ -----------------> CO₂ + H₂O + ATP

• CO₂ + H₂O -----------------> C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂

Multiple Choice

If your body runs out of oxygen, it will begin to perform ______.

• alcohol fermentation

• photosynthesis

• lactic acid fermentation

Multiple Choice

The process carried out by yeast that causes bread to rise is

• alcoholic fermentation

• lactic acid fermentation

• cellular respiration

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the most significant difference between mitosis and meiosis?

• chromosomes are duplicated before mitosis

• Meiosis is not followed by cytokinesis

• homologous pairs of chromosomes are split up in meiosis

• crossing over occurs in mitosis

Multiple Choice

Which of the following does NOT lead to genetic variation?

• random fertilization

• crossing over during meiosis

• division of chromosmes during anaphase of mitosis

• mutation

Multiple Choice

Human ___ are diploid, and human ___ are haploid.

• sex chromosomes...autosomes

• autosomes...sex chromosomes

• somatic cells...gametes

• gametes...somatic cells

Multiple Choice

If there are 22 chromosomes in the nucleus of a toad skin cell, a toad egg would contain ____ chromosomes.

• 22

• 44

• 11

• 33

Multiple Choice

Human body cells have 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes do gamete (egg and sperm) cells have?

• 12

• 23

• 46

• 92

Multiple Choice

Gamete (sperm and egg) cells are produced by ________________

• Mitosis

• Cellular respiration

• Oxidation

• Meiosis

Multiple Choice

Mitosis is NOT used for

• Growth

• Asexual reproduction

• Replace damaged cells

• Sexual reproduction

Multiple Choice

The time between cell divisions in the life cycle of the cell is called

• anaphase
• interphase
• prophase
• metaphase

Multiple Choice

Why would it be important to replicate DNA before a cell divides in mitosis or meiosis?

• In order for genetic information to be transferred into daughter cells.
• In order for the cell to be able to increase in size.
• In order for the DNA to be contained in the nucleus.
• In order for the cell to re-order the DNA sequencing in the new cells.

Multiple Choice

• Anaphase
• Cytonkinesis
• Interphase
• Prophase

Multiple Choice

• Prophase

• Interphase

• Anaphase

• Telophase

Multiple Choice

A pair of identical chromosomes shown in a karyotype, one inherited from mom, and one inherited from dad are called

• sister chromotids
• centromeres
• homologous chromosomes
• autosomes

Multiple Choice

What is the role of the spindle during mitosis?

• It divides the cell in half.
• It duplicates the DNA.
• It breaks down the nuclear membrane.
• It helps separate the chromosomes.

Multiple Choice

In which phase of mitosis does the nucleus disappear, centrioles move to the poles, and chromosomes condense into sister chromatids?

• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase

Multiple Choice

In mitosis, the two resulting cells are

• different from the starting cell and identical to each other.
• different from the starting cell and different from each other.
• identical to the starting cell and different from each other.
• identical to the starting cell and identical to each other.

Multiple Choice

The phase of mitosis in which the sister chromatids separate from each other

• prophase
• metaphase
• anaphase
• telophase

Multiple Choice

What is the sequence of stages during the cell cycle?

• G1 → S → G2 → mitosis → cytokinesis

• mitosis → G1 → G2 → cytokinesis → S

• G1 → G2 → S → mitosis → cytokinesis

• G1 → G2 → mitosis → cytokinesis → S