US History Ch. 16 the Gilded Age

US History Ch. 16 the Gilded Age

1877-1896

Multiple Choice

The post civil war period witnessed a rapid rise in the importance of ____________________ in the United States .

• conflict

• turmoil

• industry

• invention

The Rise of Industrialism

the post war period witnessed a rapid rise in the importance of industry in the United States

Four Main Reasons for American Industrial Growth

• 1st: the nation itself grew (nation almost tripled in size

• 2nd: innovated spirits of the times fostered new machines and methods that enhanced industrial expansion

• 3rd: industry benefited from a sympathetic government

• 4th: new sources of power sprang up to supplement or supplant the waterpower that ha driven America's early industry

Captains of Industry

Men whose ideas, energy and money dominated the age, and whose efforts helped forge America into a prosperous and productive nation

2 Categories of Captains of Industry

• Market entrepreneurs: Sought success through good business practices

• Political Entrepreneurs: Sought success through special privileges and Political advantages

Multiple Select

Captains of Industry were men whose _______________, __________________, and __________________ dominated the age.

• ideas

• wars

• energy

• money

• time

Cornelius Commodore Vanderbilt

Cornelius Vanderbilt

• Known for his shipping Industry

• Started a ferry with $100 borrowed from his mother

• Gained control of most of New York’s waterborne shipping by doing 2 thing

  ⮚ hard work

  ⮚Increased cost efficiency

• Controlled most of the nations shipping by 1860 and was given the nickname Commodore

James J. Hill

• Gained his fame from the railroad Industry

• Started a shipping business in 1865 with $600

• Is known for saying “we have to prosper with you or we have to be poor with you”

Andrew Carnegie

• He is the classic rag to riches story of America

• Made his fortune in steel

• Carnegie used the method of vertical integration to control every aspect of steel production

• Wrote the "Gospel of Wealth"

• He was also a man of peace, helped found the Peace Palace at the Hague, and created an endowment for international peace. (Carnegiehall.org)

John D. Rockefeller

• America’s first billionaire

  ►The founder of the Standard Oil Company

• Rockefeller was determined to succeed through efficiency and technological improvements

• By 1879 he controlled 90% of America’s oil market, also in 1879 he organized his oil empire into a trust

• He used horizontal integration to take control of the market

Vertical Vs Horizontal Integration

https://youtu.be/9pvpe7DRBIM

What is a Trust?

►A trust is a legal device by which a board of trustees was empowered to make decisions and control the operations of a whole group of companies.

Multiple Choice

Who gained his fame from the railroad industry and is known for saying "we have to prosper with you or we have to be poor with you"?

• Cornelius Vanderbilt

• John D. Rockefeller

• Andrew Carnegie

• James J. Hill

Multiple Choice

Who is the classic rag to riches story, gaining his wealth from the steel industry by using vertical integration?

• Cornelius Vanderbilt

• Andrew Carnegie

• John D. Rockefeller

• James J. Hill

New South

The idea that the south would be able to match the north’s economic and industrial capacity

The two T's of the New South

• Tobacco

• Textiles

James Buchanan Duke

James Buchanan Duke

• Founded the American Tobacco Company in 1890 AKA made his fortunes in the tobacco industry

• Controlled 90% of America’s cigarette market

• Helped to develop hydroelectric power

J.P. Morgan

• Was the leading investment Banker in America during the Gilded Age

• Morgan’s business was not a product, Moran’s business was money

• He formed the first Billion dollar corporation the United States Steel corporation in 1901

H.J. Heinze

• Was a leader in producing canned foods

• Believed his success came through two things

  ►Honesty

  ►Hard work

Alexander Graham Bell

• Inventor of the telephone

Thomas Edison

• Invented the phonograph, motion picture, and the incandescent light bulb

Multiple Choice

Who was the first American millionaire and founded the American Steel Corporation?

• Cornelius Vanderbilt

• James J. Hill

• Andrew Carnegie

• John D. Rockefeller

• Thomas Edison

Multiple Choice

Who was a leader in the canned foods industry and believed success came through honesty and hard work?

• Thomas Edison

• J.P. Morgan

• H.J. Heinz

• James B. Duke

• Alexander Graham Bell

Multiple Choice

Who Invented the Telephone ?

• James B. Duke

• Thomas Edison

• J.P. Morgan

• Alexander Graham Bell

• H.J. Heinze

Multiple Choice

Which type of entrepreneur sought success through good business practices

• political

• market

• wise

Multiple Choice

which type of entrepreneur sought success through special privileges and Political advantages

• political

• market

• wise

Multiple Choice

Who started his business with $100 dollars borrowed from his mother, he believed in hard work and cost efficiency and was nicknamed Commodore

• Cornelius Vanderbilt

• James J. Hill

• Andrew Carnegie

• John D. Rockefeller

Multiple Choice

He was the leading investment banker during the Gilded age.

• J.P. Morgan

• John D. Rockefeller

• Thomas Edison

• H.J. Heinz

Multiple Choice

He is most well known for inventing the incandescent light bulb, but also invented the phonograph and motion picture

• J.P. Morgam

• James J. Hill

• Thomas Edison

• H.J. Heinz

Four Issues that Dominated American Politics

1. government corruption​

2. ​civil service reform

3. ​tariff revision

4. ​regulation of the trusts

Stalwarts vs Half Breeds

• Stalwarts favored high tariffs, hard money, and the spoils system

• Half breeds favored reform

Deadlock brings forth a two sided ticket

• James Garfield a Halfbreed

• Chester Arthur a Stalwart

• However Garfield was shot on July 2 1881, just a few months after taking office

Multiple Select

what four issues dominated American politics from the mid 1870s to the end of the century?

• government cooperation

• civil service reform

• tariff revision

• government corruption

• regulation of trusts

Presidential election of 1884

Grover Cleveland was elected in 1884 making him the first democrat elected in 28 years

Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

was the first comprehensive act to provide for federal regulation of commerce passed by Congress

Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

• directed that the rail road rates must be reasonable and just

• required that railroad companies publish all rates and make financial reports

• provided for the creation of the ICC interstate commerce commission

Interstate Commerce Commission

is a independent regulatory agency to investigate and stop alleged abuses

Election of 1888

• Grover Cleveland (DEM) Vs Benjamin Harrison (REP)

• Cleveland's aides feared he'd lose if he insisted on lowering tariffs to which he stated " what is the use in being elected unless you stand for something"

• Harrison won the election by electoral votes

• Under Harrison the 51st congress became known as the "Billion Dollar Congress"

Multiple Choice

He was elected president in 1888 and during his time as President he served with the "first billion dollar" Congress

• James Garfield

• Chester Arthur

• Grover Cleveland

• Benjamin Harrison

Multiple Choice

Who was the Half Breed chosen by the republican party to be their Presidential nominee in the 1880 election he was also assassinated.

• James Garfield

• Grover Cleveland

• Chester Arthur

• Benjamin Harrison

Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890

greatly expanded Congresses power to regulate business

McKinley Tariff of 1890

it charged higher taxes on agricultural and industrial imports than ever before. Which lowered governmental revenue by decreasing trade

Multiple Choice

Who was the Half Breed chosen by the republican party to be their Presidential nominee in the 1880 election he was also assassinated.

• James Garfield

• Grover Cleveland

• Chester Arthur

• Benjamin Harrison

Multiple Choice

Who was the the first democrat to be elected President in 28 years when he was elected in the 1884 election?

• James Garfield

• Grover Cleveland

• Chester Arthur

• Benjamin Harrison

Multiple Choice

Who was the man who became President after James Garfield's assassination, he was a Stalwart of the republican party in 1880?

• William McKinley

• Chester Arthur

• Grover Cleveland

• Benjamin Harrison

Multiple Choice

He was elected president in 1888 and during his time as President he served with the "first billion dollar" Congress

• James Garfield

• Chester Arthur

• Grover Cleveland

• Benjamin Harrison

Multiple Select

what four issues dominated American politics from the mid 1870s to the end of the century?

• government cooperation

• civil service reform

• tariff revision

• government corruption

• regulation of trusts

Multiple Choice

What greatly expanded Congress's ability to regulate business

• Interstate Commerce Act

• McKinley Tariff

• Interstate Commerce Commission

• Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Multiple Choice

Who said "what is the point of being elected unless you stand for something?"

• Benjamin Harrison

• Grover Cleveland

• James Garfield

• Chester Arthur

Multiple Choice

What was Congress's first comprehensive act to provide for federal regulation of commerce?

• Sherman Anti-Trust Law

• McKinley Tariff

• Interstate Commerce Commission

• Interstate Commerce Act

Multiple Choice

What was produced the highest tax on imported agricultural and industrial goods which in turn reduced or revenue due to lack of trade?

• McKinley Tariff

• Interstate Commerce Act

• Interstate Commerce Commission

• Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Multiple Choice

This is a independent regulatory agency to investigate and stop alleged abuses.

• Sherman Anti-Trust Act

• Interstate Commerce Act

• Interstate Commerce Commission

• McKinley Tariff

​Section 3 Labor, Rural, and Economic issues

two problems with Child labor

1. factory work was considered inhumane for children

2. it left children no formal time for education​

​According to a census in 1900 more than 1,750,000 children between the ages of 10-16 were working.

Multiple Choice

As of 1900 roughly how many children were in the work force?

• 1million

• 5million

• 1.75million

• 100,000

Multiple Select

What were the 2 problems with child labor

• factory work was inhumane for children

• took away their childhood

• left children no time for formal education

• did not give the poor kids a chance out of poverty

​3 Reasons for Child Labor

1. ​extensive loss of male workers in the Civil War

2. ​children were faster and more agile than adults at some tasks

3. ​cheaper to hire

Laws restricting Child labor​

• State laws restricting the hours and conditions children could work in began restricting child labor

• Compulsory school attendance laws further restricted child labor​

​Labor Unions

• ​the earliest significant labor union was the Knights of labor

• and they were led by

• ​they advocated for an

  • ​8 hr work day

  • ​laws prohibiting child labor

  • ​equal pay for men and women

​American Federation of Labor

• Lead by Samuel Gompers

• supported

  • Higher wages

  • ​Shorter hours

  • cleaners working conditions

  • ​elimination of child labor

​AFL and Child Labor

• ​The AFL did not oppose child labor for strictly humanitarian reasons or sympathy for children

• ​the two reasons that the AFL opposed child labor

  • ​child labor contributed to low wage rates

  • ​reduced available jobs for adults

​AFL the creators of the 8 hr work day

​the AFL's most enduring achievement was making the 8 hour work day the standard...

​that is unless you own your own business or are a farmer then the standard is like 16-18 hrs a day

​Labor Unrest

• the most famous example of labor violence was the Haymarket Riot of 1886​

• ​Anarchist: one who is an opponent of the established political order and who seeks to change it through means of violence

• ​Leader of the Pullman strike and founder of the American Railway union was Eugene V. Debs

• ​the Pullman strike came about because of 5 successive wage reductions that cut wages by 25 %

​

​Socialism advocates: government regulation or ownership of the means of production

Multiple Choice

Which labor union got the 8 hr work day standardized?

• American railway union

• American Federation of labor

• Knights of labor

Multiple Choice

Which labor union was the first to advocate for equal pay for men and women?

• Knights of Labor

• American Railway Union

• American Federation of Labor

Multiple Choice

Which labor union did not oppose child labor for humanitarian reasons?

• American Railway Union

• American Federation of Labor

• Knights of Labor

Multiple Choice

Which labor union was responsible for the Pullman strike?

• American Railway Union

• American Federation of Labor

• Knights of Labor

​Rural Revolt

• ​the Grange: protesting farmers organized under the leadership of the Patrons of Husbandry. which encouraged social contacts and scientific methods to farming

• ​Granger laws: legislation regulating rail raods

• ​Three things that the Farmers looked to politics to meet their needs

  • ​rail road regulations

  • favorable currency policies

  • ​antitrust laws

​Populism

• Grassroots organizations sprang up across the midwest before merging together to form the Populist party ​

• ​Currency policies dominated the populist movement during the last decade of the 19th century

• ​Populist wanted to make both gold and silver standards for American currency

​3 things that Free silver would do

1. make it possible for the debtor to pay his debts

2. business to start anew

3. revitalize all the industries that remained paralyzed in the gold standard​

Republican candidate for the 1896 election

• William McKinley

• ​his platform

  • ​gold standard

  • ​pro tariff

  • ​big business

​

​However farmers forgot to consider that more money in circulation would also mean that prices for all products would increase... even those things that farmers had to buy not just what they sold.

​Democratic Candidate of the 1896 election

• William Jennings Bryan

• ​known as the Great Commoner because of his genuine sympathy for the common man

• ​his platform was deliverance through silver

Multiple Choice

protesting farmers organized under the leadership of the Patrons of Husbandry. which encouraged social contacts and scientific methods to farming

• Grange

• Populism

• American Federation of Labor

• Knights of Labor

Multiple Select

What 3 issues made up the Republican platform in the 1896 election?

• Silver standard

• gold standard

• pro tariff

• big business

Multiple Choice

Who was the democratic nominee in the 1896 election? He was also known as the Great Commoner

• William McKinley

• Abraham Lincoln

• William Jennings Bryan

• Grover Cleveland

Change and Challenges ​

Section 4 ​

​

​the 1890 census revealed that for the first time the majority of Americans were in non agricultural occupation

​Main attractions of the City

1. ​boom of manufacturing gave job opportunities to immigrants as well as down and out farmers

2. ​people found the services and attractions of the city alluring

​The Ugly side of urbanization

• slum squalor

• high crime rates

• dangerous diseases ​

​The 3 A's of Immigration

1. ​adaptation: the change a person makes in order to fit in, in a new environment

2. ​assimilation: the process of adopting the customs and priorities of the new nation

3. ​acculturation: cultural change of a group or individual that results from contact with what a different culture

​Why move to America?

​many immigrants were willing to take lower paying jobs to gain the freedom that America offered and they hoped that they could work their way up financially and socially.

​Darwinism

• ​Charles Darwin wrote the origin of the Species

• ​Social Darwinism fit well with racism and racial superiority

• ​White supremacy groups thrived on the concept of racial inferiority and supremacy

• ​the two great barriers of a better world are

  • ​poverty

  • ​ignorance

​Reform Darwinism

​Reform Darwinism teaches that man is not sinful, but is naturally good

​America's past time

​Baseball became America's past time in 1869

​Spreading the Gospel

• the most widespread ​method of meeting the challenge to spread the Gospel was Urban evangelism

• ​Urban evangelism: conducting large city wide campaign in huge auditoriums or large churches in major cities

• ​the leader of Urban evangelism was D.L. Moody

• ​Sam Jones was known as the Moody of the South