CHAPTER 1: THE ORIGIN & STRUCTURE OF THE UNIVERSE AND EARTH

CHAPTER 1: THE ORIGIN & STRUCTURE OF THE UNIVERSE AND EARTH

by ZMS ZMS

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REVIEW/ RECALL

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LESSON 2: ​The Birth of Stars, Planets, and

Asteroids, p. 5

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1. Stars and planets were formed from clouds of gases and dust as remnants of the Big Bang.

2. Gravity causes the cloud of gas and dust to accumulate and form a larger unit with massive mass.

3. Heavier elements were produced from the process nuclear fusion which occurs within a star’s interior.

4. The hypothesis telling that every element that we are made of came from the multiple births and deaths of stars is called the Solar Nebula Hypothesis.

5. Balls of glowing gases are called stars.

​ Write the word of the correct answer.

​Forming the Earth

​Objectives

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

• explain why remelting is important in the early formation of a planet; and

• explain why differentiation is important in the formation of Earth.

• ​Melting of the protoplanets was due to heat produced by the big impact and friction of speedy arrival of larger objects that hit the planet.

• The melting process produced a semi-molten body in which the denser materials sank to its core and the heavier one were left on the surface.

• The differentiation process created different layers of the Earth.

• The lighter elements are found on the Earth's surface.

• The heavier elements like iron settle beneath the surface of the Earth.

​At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:

• recognize the uniqueness of Earth, being the only planet in the solar system with

properties necessary to support life;

• explain how comet brought water on earth;

• describe some characteristics of the sun; and

• explain why other planets do not have water on their surfaces.

​Lesson 6: Earth and Earth Systems, p. 8

​The hydrosphere is the combined mass of water found on, under, and above the surface of a planet, minor planet, or natural satellite. Although Earth's hydrosphere has been around for about 4 billion years, it continues to change in shape.

​A hydrosphere is the total amount of water on a planet. The hydrosphere includes water that is on the surface of the planet, underground, and in the air. A planet's hydrosphere can be liquid, vapor, or ice. On Earth, liquid water exists on the surface in the form of oceans, lakes and rivers.

​The major importance of the hydrosphere is that water sustains various life forms. It plays an important role in ecosystems and regulating the atmosphere.

​The biosphere is made up of the parts of Earth where life exists. The biosphere extends from the deepest root systems of trees, to the dark environment of ocean trenches, to lush rainforests and high mountaintops. Scientists describe Earth in terms of sphere

​The biosphere, also known as the ecosphere, is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems. It can also be termed the zone of life on Earth. The biosphere is virtually a closed system with regard to matter, with minimal inputs and outputs

​They contribute to the conservation of landscapes, natural ecosystems, species and genetic variation. 2. Development: They facilitate and contribute to an economic and human sustainable socio-culturally and ecologically friendly development of our planet.

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What is a geosphere simple definition?

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The geosphere includes the rocks and minerals on Earth – from the molten rock and heavy metals in the deep interior of the planet to the sand on beaches and peaks of mountains.

​Inside the Earth has four layers.

​​​The earth is made up of four different layers: the crust, the mantle, the inner core and outer core

​Starting at the center, Earth is composed of four distinct layers. They are, from deepest to shallowest, the inner core, the outer core, the mantle and the crust. Except for the crust, no one has ever explored these layers in person. In fact, the deepest humans have ever drilled is just over 12 kilometers (7.6 miles).

​The crust

• Earth’s crust is like the shell of a hard-boiled egg. It is extremely thin, cold and brittle compared to what lies below it. The crust is made of relatively light elements, especially silica, aluminum and oxygen. It’s also highly variable in its thickness. Under the oceans (and Hawaiian Islands), it may be as little as 5 kilometers (3.1 miles) thick. Beneath the continents, the crust may be 30 to 70 kilometers (18.6 to 43.5 miles) thick.

• Along with the upper zone of the mantle, the crust is broken into big pieces, like a gigantic jigsaw puzzle. These are known as tectonic plates.

​The mantle

• At close to 3,000 kilometers (1,865 miles) thick, this is Earth’s thickest layer. It starts a mere 30 kilometers (18.6 miles) beneath the surface. Made mostly of iron, magnesium and silicon, it is dense, hot and semi-solid (think caramel candy). Like the layer below it, this one also circulates. It just does so far more slowly.

Explainer: How heat moves

Near its upper edges, somewhere between about 100 and 200 kilometers (62 to 124 miles) underground, the mantle’s temperature reaches the melting point of rock. Indeed, it forms a layer of partially melted rock known as the asthenosphere (As-THEEN-oh-sfeer).

​The inner core

• This solid metal ball has a radius of 1,220 kilometers (758 miles), or about three-quarters that of the moon. It’s located some 6,400 to 5,180 kilometers (4,000 to 3,220 miles) beneath Earth’s surface. Extremely dense, it’s made mostly of iron and nickel. The inner core spins a bit faster than the rest of the planet. It’s also intensely hot: Temperatures sizzle at 5,400° Celsius (9,800° Fahrenheit). That’s almost as hot as the surface of the sun. Pressures here are immense: well over 3 million times greater than on Earth’s surface. Some research suggests there may also be an inner, inner core. It would likely consist almost entirely of iron.

​The outer core

• This part of the core is also made from iron and nickel, just in liquid form. It sits some 5,180 to 2,880 kilometers (3,220 to 1,790 miles) below the surface. Heated largely by the radioactive decay of the elements uranium and thorium, this liquid churns in huge, turbulent currents. That motion generates electrical currents. They, in turn, generate Earth’s magnetic field. For reasons somehow related to the outer core, Earth’s magnetic field reverses about every 200,000 to 300,000 years. Scientists are still working to understand how that happens.

​Summary:

​ Core is the third layer which is divided into:

• ​Inner core- It is found in the deepest portion of the Earth. It remains in the solid form due to immense pressures. A solid layer about 1,250 km in thickness and is made of solid iron and nickel.

• ​​Outer Core-It represents the liquid portion of the core where the movement of iron is believed to be generating the Earth’s magnetic field. A liquid layer about 2,200 km thickness and made up of dense iron.

• ​The Outer Core spins as the Earth rotates and creates the Earth's Magnetic field.

>​Mantle-The second layer. It is a dense of layer of hot semi -solid and solid rock and mostly made up of ferromagnesium silicates.

• It is 2900-km thickness, intense heat circulates through out.

• It is above the liquid core. It comprises more than 82% of the Earth’s total volume.

>The rocks in this layer are denser elements such as iron and magnesium.

• ​Crust- is the outermost layer of the Earth It is above the mantle or The outermost layer of the earth. It is thicker (may exceed 70 km especially in mountainous areas) than the oceanic crust. It is dominated by granitic rocks.

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THE ATMOSPHERE

• ​The stratosphere is the second layer of the atmosphere of the Earth, located above the troposphere and below the mesosphere. 

• ​The stratosphere is where you'll find the very important ozone layer. The ozone layer helps protect us from ultraviolet radiation (UV) from the sun. In fact, the ozone layer absorbs most of the UV radiation the sun sends to us. Life as we know it wouldn't be possible without this layer of protection.

​The troposphere is the first and lowest layer of the atmosphere of the Earth, and contains 75% of the total mass of the planetary atmosphere, 99% of the total mass of water vapour and aerosols, and is where most weather phenomena occur.

​The troposphere provides oxygen that we can breathe, keeps Earth at a livable temperature, and allows for weather to occur, making it a very important part of the atmosphere.

​The mesosphere is the third layer of the atmosphere, directly above the stratosphere and directly below the thermosphere. In the mesosphere, temperature decreases as altitude increases.

​The mesosphere is a layer of Earth's atmosphere. The mesosphere is directly above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere. It extends from about 50 to 85 km (31 to 53 miles) above our planet. Temperature decreases with height throughout the mesosphere.

​The thermosphere is the layer in the Earth's atmosphere directly above the mesosphere and below the exosphere. Within this layer of the atmosphere, ultraviolet radiation causes photoionization/photodissociation of molecules, creating ions; the thermosphere thus constitutes the larger part of the ionosphere. 

​The exosphere is a thin, atmosphere-like volume surrounding a planet or natural satellite where molecules are gravitationally bound to that body, but where the density is so low that the molecules are essentially collisionless.

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​The exosphere is the outermost layer of our atmosphere. “Exo” means outside and is the same prefix used to describe insects like grasshoppers that have a hard shell or “exoskeleton” on the outside of their body. The exosphere is the very edge of our atmosphere.

​LS Activity # 2.3 (Nov. 15, 2021

​​Let 's explore explore in detail the layers of the geosphere (crust, mantle, and core). You will do an activity that would help you describe each layer of the Earth and relate the differentiation process with this structure of Earth.

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​Follow the directions carefully as stated in the following number.

1. Label the three main layers of the geosphere.

2. Color the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core with brown, blue, orange, and red colors, respectively.

​3. Write the symbols s, l, or sl/sr, for solid, liquid, or semi solid/ solid rock respectively, in proper layer of Earth to indicate its physical state.

​5. Write the following symbols of elements where they are located. Symbols are Fe, Ni, Mg. etc

​LS QUIZ # 2.3

Multiple Choice

1. What is the inner most layer of Earth?

• core

• outer core

• inner core

• mantle

Multiple Choice

2. Which layer of earth is molten or a liquid layer that is made of dense iron?

• inner core

• mantle

• outer core

• crust

Multiple Choice

3. Which layer of Earth is solid and why?

• The inner core is solid because of movement of the outer core.

• The inner core is solid because of the freezing temperatures.

• The inner core is solid because of the extreme pressure from the other layers.

• The outer core is solid because of the extreme pressure from the other layers

Multiple Choice

4. Which of Earth's layers is made of SOLID iron and nickel?

• crust

• mantle

• outer

• inner core

Multiple Choice

5.Which layer of the Earth is the thickest at about 1802 miles (2900 km) and makes up about 84% of Earth's total volume?

• crust

• mantle

• outer core

• inner core

Multiple Choice

6. What is the correct order (Starting at the center) of Earth's layers?

• crust, mantle, inner core, outer core

• mantle, outer core, inner core, crust

• inner core, outer core, mantle, crust

• crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

Multiple Choice

7. Which layer of the Earth is the thinnest or the outermost layer of the Earth?

• crust

• mantle

• outer core

• inner core

Multiple Choice

8. How many layers of the Earth's CORE are there?

• one

• two

• three

• four

Open Ended

9-10. Summarize what you've learned so far in a sentence.