Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics

By Stacy King

​

​A measurement that describes the average kinetic energy in random thermal motion per atom or molecule

​Temperature

Multiple Choice

Temperature is a measure of the...

• total energy in a substance
• total kinetic energy in a substance
• average potential energy in a substance
• average kinetic energy of molecules in a substance

A calibration tool to measure temperature changes

​

3 different scales

Fa​hrenheit

Celsius

​Kelvin- the base unit of temperature in the International System of Units, having the unit symbol K

​

​

​Thermometers

Multiple Choice

A(n) _____________ is a device for measuring temperature.

• thermometer
• barometer
• anemometer
• psychrometer 

​is produced when a rise in temperature causes atoms and molecules to move faster and collide with each other

​Thermal Energy

Multiple Choice

When thermal energy is added to a substance, the substance's particles move:

• More rapidly at an increased diestance from each other.
• More rapidly with less distance between each other.
• More slowly with a greater distance between each other.
• More slowly with a reduced distance between each other.

the energy associated with the random, disordered motion of molecules within the system

ENTROPY ​

​the degree of disorder or randomness in the system

​

​Internal Energy

Multiple Choice

As a system becomes more disordered, entropy

• remains the same
• increases
• decreases
• cannot be determined

The more disorganized the molecules are the higher state of entropy

Entropy increases as temperature increases​

​

​

​Entropy and States of Matter

Multiple Choice

Do molecules generally move faster at 45 C or 106 C?

• 45 C because molecules have more energy than in 106C

• 106 C because molecules have more energy than in 45C

• 106 C because molecules have less energy than in 45C

• 45C because molecules have less energy than in 106 C

Multiple Choice

Which statement is true about the ENTROPY?

• Entropy refers to DISORDER, the unusable energy that escapes a system.
• Entropy refers to the balance of temperature among two or more systems.
• Entropy refers to the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
• Entropy refers to the inability to destroy or create energy. 

All kinetic energy stops

​

the minimum possible

temperature, 0 K, or −273ºC (−459ºF)

​

​

​Absolute Zero

Multiple Choice

What happens at absolute zero?

• All Motions cease

• everything turns to a solid

• everything dies

• who knows?

Changes both the temperature and the state of matter

​

​Travels from high to low

Heat

0th Law

​Thermal equilibrium

​

The condition under which two substances in physical contact with each other exchange no heat energy

temperatures balance out, heat stops flowing, then the system (or set of systems)​

Laws of Thermodynamics

Multiple Choice

Heat is

• hot
• the energy that is transferred between objects because of a temperaturedifference
• the quantity measure from the average kinetic energy of vibrating molecules in a substance

Multiple Choice

The temperature of a glass of cold water will eventually...

• Match the temperature of the surrounding environment.
• Always be colder than the surrounding environment.
• Become warmer than the surrounding environment.
• Never change temperature.

1st Law

Conservation of Energy

​

Energy cannot be created or destroyed only changed into another form ​

Laws of Thermodynamics

Multiple Choice

The total amount of energy in a system is ALWAYS ________.

• increasing
• decreasing
• conserved 
• changing

2nd Law

Heat

​

Heat always flows from hot to cold

Laws of Thermodynamics

Multiple Choice

Which way does heat flow?

• hot to cold
• cold to hot
• it doesn't 

Multiple Choice

What is thermodynamics?

• movement of heat
• it's magic
• measurement of heat
• none of them

3rd Law

Entropy

​

​As temperature approaches absolute zero, entropy is at constant minimum

​

​

Laws of Thermodynamics

Multiple Choice

Entropy increases from solid, liquid to gas. Why?

• Molecular disorder increases
• Molecular randomness decreases
• Molecules are more energetic
• Molecules are more reactive

Multiple Choice

What is absolute zero?

• 0 K
• 273 K
• 0^oC

Conduction

​

​the transfer of heat through or between materials by direct contact

​

Heat Transfer Method

Multiple Choice

Conduction

• The transfer of thermal energy through solids

• The transfer of thermal energy through liquids and gases

• The transfer of thermal energy as electromagnetic waves

Convection

​

the transfer of heat by the motion of liquids and gases

​

​

​

Heat Transfer Method

Multiple Choice

Convection

• The transfer of thermal energy through liquids and gases

• The transfer of thermal energy through solids

• The transfer of thermal energy as electromagnetic waves

Multiple Choice

Warm air rises and cold air sinks demonstrates what?

• conduction
• convection
• radiation
• refrigeration

Radiation

​

the dispersal of energy through space through electromagnetic waves

​

​

​

Heat Transfer Method

Multiple Choice

Heat travels from the sun to the earth by the process of...

• conduction
• convection
• radiation
• insulation

Multiple Choice

Radiation

• The transfer of thermal energy as electromagnetic waves

• The transfer of thermal energy through solids

• The transfer of thermal energy through liquids and gases

​materials that transfer heat readily (ex: diamond, copper, aluminum, gold)

Thermal Conductors

materials that do not transfer heat readily (ex: plastic, wool, styrofoam)

Thermal Insulators

Multiple Choice

What type of material makes the best insulators?

• Aluminum
• Copper
• Styrofoam
• Metal

Multiple Choice

Heat moves easily through materials called ____

• Wood

• Plastic

• Rubber

• Metal