Summer School BIO STAAR review: Cell Structure and Function

Summer School BIO STAAR review: Cell Structure and Function

By Mrs. Knowles

Cell Theory

Cell theory tells us... All living things are made of cells. Cells are the smallest working units of all living things. Cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.

prokaryotes

Remember, prokaryotes are the cells that DO NOT have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles.

The pro in prokaryotic means "before" so prokaryotic means before a nucleus. This means it will not have a nucleus because prokaryotes were created BEFORE the nucleus was.

Eukaryotes

Complex, organisms - most living things

Can be unicellular or multicellular

Contain organelles surrounded by membranes

For this, I like to say “EU (YOU)?” “TRUE!”… meaning TRUE nucleus, TRUE organelles

Multiple Select

Which of the following are statements of the cell theory? (choose all that apply)

• All living things are made of cells.

• All living things have DNA inside a nucleus.

• Cells are the basic unit of life.

• Cells come from other living cells.

• All living things require energy.

Multiple Choice

Prokaryotic cells do not have…….

• membrane bound organelles

• cell membrane

• DNA or RNA

• life

Multiple Choice

Bacteria is an example of a(n)

• prokaryotic cell.

• eukaryotic cell.

Multiple Choice

Which is true of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

• Prokaryotic cells are larger than eukaryotic cells.

• Eukaryotic cells do not have nuclei, and prokaryotic cells do have nuclei.

• Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles, and eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles.

• Eukaryotic cells are simpler than prokaryotic cells.

Vacuoles

• Both plants and animals have vacuoles

• Plant Cells- LARGE central vacuole

• Animal Cells - small vacuolessss

Multiple Choice

A thin, flexible layer that is found in all cells and separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment.

• protein coat

• protein membrane

• cell membrane

• nucleolus

Multiple Choice

What is the function of the vacuole?

• Sac that stores water, nutrients, and waste products

• Jelly-like substance within the plasma membrane

• Sac filled with digestive chemicals

• Stack of membranes that packages chemicals

Multiple Choice

I make proteins for the cell. What am I?

• ribosome

• chloroplast

• mitochondria

• lysosome

Multiple Choice

What is the function of the nucleus?

• Structure that organizes motion of chromosomes

• Membrane that surrounds and protects the cell

• Structure that stores genetic information and directs the cell

• Stack of membranes that packages chemicals

Multiple Choice

A rigid layer that lies outside the cell's membrane is...

• cytoskeleton

• cilia

• flagella

• cell wall

Multiple Choice

Where does photosynthesis occur?

• mitochondria

• xylem

• stomata

• chloroplast

Multiple Choice

A cell with relatively few energy needs will probably have a relatively small

• ribosomes

• lysosomes

• mitochondria

• chromosomes

Multiple Choice

Contains the green pigment chlorophyll which captures the sun’s energy and converts it into chemical energy:

• ribosomes

• chloroplast

• mitochondria

• vacuole

Multiple Choice

Which of the following organelles transports materials inside the cell

• lysosome

• chloroplast

• mitochondria

• endoplasmic reticulum

The Cell Cycle

How a cell grows & divides/reproduces.

Occurs in SOMATIC CELLS

-- Somatic cells are body cells, NOT sex cells

The Cell Cycle ends in 2 identical daughter cells

Parts of the Cell Cycle

Part 1 = Interphase (cell growth)

Part 2 = Mitosis (nucleus divides)

Part 3 = Cytokinesis (entire cell divides)

Interphase = cell growth

• Interphase includes G1, which is a period of cell growth and protein production

• S, which is when the DNA is replicated, and

• G2, which a period of cell growth and organelle production

Mitosis = nuclear division

Mitosis is used for growth and repair in organisms.

There are 4 stages of Mitosis: Prophase Metaphase Anaphase & Telophase.

Prophase

- The nuclear membrane is broken down

- Chromatin condenses and is visible as chromosomes

- Spindle fiber forms

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cells.

Anaphase

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite sides of the cell.

Telophase

Spindle fibers disappear.

Nuclear membrane reforms.

Chromosomes begin to uncoil and return to chromatin form.

Cytokinesis

Division of cytoplasm.

Results in 2 identical daughter cells.

Multiple Choice

What kind of cells go through the cell cycle?

• Sperm cells

• Egg cells

• Somatic cells

• Pollen cells

Multiple Choice

How many cells does the cell cycle/mitosis produce?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

Multiple Choice

When is DNA replicated?

• G1

• S

• G2

• MITOSIS

Multiple Choice

What would A represent?

• Interphase

• Mitosis

• Cytokinesis

Multiple Choice

What would you write for letter I?

• Interphase

• Mitosis

• Cytokinesis

Multiple Choice

You are looking under a microscope at a dividing cell. You notice the chromatin has just condensed into chromosomes, the nuclear membrane has started to break down and the spindle has started forming. What phase is the cell in?

• Prophase

• Metaphase

• Anaphase

• Telophase

• Cytokinesis

Multiple Choice

You are looking under a microscope at a dividing cell. You notice all the chromosomes are lined up in the middle. What phase is this?

• Prophase

• Metaphase

• Anaphase

• Telophase

• Cytokinesis

Multiple Choice

What stage is represented with this image?

• Interphase

• Prophase

• Metaphase

• Anaphase

• Telophase

Multiple Choice

Which stage of the cell cycle do cells spend the most time?

• Cytokinesis

• Mitosis

• Interphase

• Prophase

Cancer

What is it?

Cancer

Caused by uncontrollable cell growth.

They divide too fast.

Carcinogens are cancer-causing agents that can cause mutations to your DNA.

Cell Death- Apoptosis

If a cell is "damaged" or broken, it can self destruct (apoptosis)

When cells do not self-destruct, that can also cause cancer cells.

Open Ended

Healthy non-cancerous cells spend 90% of their time in interphase and only 10% in mitosis.

Is this the same for cancer cells?

Multiple Choice

During which stage of the cell cycle does the cell divide?

• G1

• G2

• S

• M

Open Ended

Describe the difference in the SPEED of cell division between normal cells & cancer cells.

Multiple Choice

This type of cell carries oxygen throughout the body.

• gamete
• platelet
• white blood cell
• red blood cell

Multiple Choice

Which of the following cells is undifferentiated?

• cardiac muscle cell
• nerve cell
• liver cell
• stem cell

Multiple Choice

Select the correct term for the following definition:

"The water transport system in plants."

• Villi

• Bronchi

• Bolus

• Xylem

Multiple Choice

Which best explains why muscle cells are different from blood cells?

• Muscle cells are produced by the brain, but blood cells are produced by the heart. 
• Different genes are activated in muscle cells than in blood cells. 
• Muscles cells experience different environmental influences than blood cells. 
• A mutation occurs during the development of muscle cells but not in blood cells. 

Multiple Choice

Select the correct term for the following definition:

"The nutrient transport system in plants."

• Enzyme

• Guard cells

• Phloem

• Proteins

Multiple Choice

This type of cell sends messages throughout the body in the form of electrical impulse.

• nerve cell
• sperm cell
• muscle cell
• skin cell

Open Ended

What is a virus? Tell everything you know about viruses and be prepared to share your answers with the class in 5 minutes. This question has a time limit of 5 minutes.

Multiple Choice

Viruses are made of ______

• Nucleic acids + Protein coat

• Ribosomes + Protein coat

• Nucleus + Protein coat

Poll

Now starts the review of missed STAAR questions from the last test, plus a few from other past tests. Take a look at the attached photo and select your response. Some of the following will be set up as a poll question for discussion. Be sure to explain your choice.

• A

• B

• C

• D

Poll

Take a look at the photo and choose your answer. Be sure to be ready for discussion and justification of your answer choice.

• A

• B

• C

• D

Multiple Choice

What do viruses have in common with living cells? They both...

• store genetic information
• have chloroplasts
• use glucose for cellular respiration
• have endoplasmic reticulum

Multiple Choice

Viruses are...

• prokaryotic
• eukaryotic
• non-living
• endospores

Multiple Choice

This paramecium has a purple nucleus holding DNA. This tells us the paramecium is

• a eukaryote

• a prokaryote

• a virus

• a plant

Multiple Choice

These rectangular cells contain a nucleus and small organelles called chloroplasts. This information lets you know that these are

• prokaryotic cells

• bacteria cells

• plant cells

• animal cells

Poll

• The cells have replicated their DNA, but have not completed mitosis or cytokinesis.

• The cells have completed mitosis and cytokinesis without replicating their DNA.

• The cells have replicated their DNA and completed mitosis and cytokinesis.

• The cells have temporarily exited the cell cycled without replicating their DNA.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is found inside a prokaryote?

• cytoplasm
• DNA
• ribosomes
• all of these

Multiple Choice

Cancer is a result of-

• uncontrolled cell growth

• genetics

• viral infection

• Damaged cells

Multiple Choice

Some students used information they gathered from lab investigations to prepare a table. They entered the table in their lab notebooks. Which of these correctly identifies the two cells described in the table?

• Cell 1 is eukaryotic, and Cell 2 is prokaryotic.

• Cell 1 is prokaryotic, and Cell 2 is eukaryotic.

• Both Cell 1 and Cell 2 are eukaryotic.

• Both Cell 1 and Cell 2 are prokaryotic.

Multiple Choice

A student groups different types of cells as shown. Which table headings should the student use for the two groups?

• 1. Animal Cell

  2. Plant Cell

• 1. Prokaryotic Cell

  2. Eukaryotic Cell

• 1. Motile Cells

  2. Mobile Cells

• 1. Fungal Cells

  2. Bacterial Cells

Multiple Choice

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) often infects and destroys CD4 T cells. These CD4 T cells are one of many kinds of white blood cells that are an important part of the immune system. The most common danger related to the destruction of CD4 T cells is —

• an increase in the risk of high blood pressure

• an increase in the threat of diseases caused by microorganisms and viruses

• a decrease in the flow of blood to vital organs

• a decrease in the amount of oxygen being transported to tissues

Multiple Choice

The diagram shows molecules that a mitochondrion uses and produces during a cellular process.

• DNA

• RNA

• CHO

• ATP

Poll

• The organization of the genetic material.

• The location of the cytoplasm.

• The role of the cell membrane.

• The function of the flagella.

Poll

• Nuclei are building amino acids for energy storage.

• Ribosomes are building carbohydrates to increase energy output.

• Chloroplasts are using energy to produce oxygen.

• Mitochondria are using oxygen to create ATP.

Poll

• A

• B

• C

• D

Poll

• A

• B

• C

• D