AET710-Analog Electronic Circuits-Lesson 1

1.1 Semiconductor Basics

​

​Materials such as silicon (Si), germanium (Ge) and gallium arsenide (GaAs), have electrical properties somewhere in the middle, between those of a “conductor” and an “insulator”. They are not good conductors nor good insulators (hence their name “semi”-conductors). They have very few “free electrons” because their atoms are closely grouped together in a crystalline pattern but electrons are still able to flow, but only under special conditions.

​The ability of semiconductors to conduct electricity can be greatly improved by replacing or adding certain donor or acceptor atoms to this crystalline structure thereby, producing more free electrons than holes or vice versa. That is by adding a small percentage of another element to the base material, either silicon or germanium. This process of adding donor or acceptor atoms to semiconductor atoms is called Doping.

Multiple Choice

Materials such as silicon (Si), germanium (Ge) and gallium arsenide (GaAs) are semiconductor material ?

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

They have very few “free electrons” because their atoms are closely grouped together in a crystalline pattern

• “semi”-conductors

• Insulation Material

• Conductive material

Multiple Choice

The ability of semiconductors to conduct electricity can be greatly improved by replacing or adding certain donor or acceptor atoms to this crystalline structure

• Flase

• True

Multiple Choice

The most commonly used semiconductor basics material by far is silicon

• True

• False

1.2 The p-n Junction

When the N-type semiconductor and P-type semiconductor materials are first joined together some of the free electrons from the donor impurity atoms begin to migrate across this newly formed junction to fill up the holes in the P-type material producing negative ions. However, because the electrons have moved across the PN junction from the N-type silicon to the P-type silicon, they leave behind positively charged donor ions (ND) on the negative side.

​

1.2 The p-n Junction

The holes from the acceptor impurity migrate across the junction in the opposite direction into the region where there are large numbers of free electrons. As a result, the charge density of the P-type along the junction is filled with negatively charged acceptor ions (NA), and the charge density of the N-type along the junction becomes positive. This charge transfer of electrons and holes across the PN junction is known as diffusion. The width of these P and N layers depends on how heavily each side is doped with acceptor density NA, and donor density ND.

​This area around the PN Junction is now called the Depletion Layer.

Multiple Choice

What we call the area around the PN Junction ?

• Potential layer

• Depletion Layer

• Positive donor

• Negative acceptor

1.3 The p-n Junction Diode

if we were to make electrical connections at the ends of both the N-type and the P-type materials and then connect them to a battery source, an additional energy source now exists to overcome the potential barrier. The effect of adding this additional energy source results in the free electrons being able to cross the depletion region from one side to the other. The behaviour of the PN junction with regards to the potential barrier’s width produces an asymmetrical conducting two terminal devices, better known as the PN Junction Diode

Multiple Choice

A PN Junction Diode is one of the simplest semiconductor devices around, and which has the characteristic of passing current in one direction only.

• False

• True

1.3 Diode (I-V) Characteristic

There are two operating regions and three possible “biasing” conditions for the standard Junction Diode and these are:

1. Zero Bias – No external voltage potential is applied to the PN junction diode.

2. Forward Bias – The voltage potential is connected positive, (+ve) to the P-type material and negative, (-ve) to the N-type material across the diode which has the effect of Decreasing the PN junction diodes width.

​3. Reverse Bias – The voltage potential is connected negative, (-ve) to the P-type material and positive, (+ve) to the N-type material across the diode which has the effect of Increasing the PN junction diode’s width

Multiple Choice

The voltage potential is connected positive, (+ve) to the P-type material and negative, (-ve) to the N-type material across the diode which has the effect of Decreasing the PN junction diodes width.

• Forward Bias

• Reverse Bias

• Zero Bias

Multiple Choice

The voltage potential is connected negative, (-ve) to the P-type material and positive, (+ve) to the N-type material across the diode which has the effect of Increasing the PN junction diode’s width.

• Forward Bias

• Reverse Bias

• Zero Bias

Multiple Choice

No external voltage potential is applied to the PN junction diode

• Forward Bias

• Reverse Bias

• Zero Bias