AnaPhy 03

Multiple Choice

group of cells with similar structure and function plus extracellular substance (matrix)

• tissue

• histology

• cytology

• muscle

Multiple Choice

study of tissues

• hematology

• histology

• cytology

• pathology

Multiple Select

types of tissues

• epithelial

• connective

• muscular

• nervous

​Epithelial Tissues

​

• Location:

- cover body (internal and external)

- Ex. Skin, kidney, trachea, glands, etc.

​

• Characteristics:

- cells close together (very little extracellular matrix)

- form most glands - have free surface

- Basal surface: attaches epithelial cells to underlying tissues​

Multiple Choice

attaches epithelial cells to underlying tissues

• stratum

• basal surface

• surface region

• corneum

Multiple Choice

Functions of Epithelial Tissues

• protect

  act as a spear

  condensation

  secretion

  evaporation

• protect

  act as a barrier

  diffusion and filtration

  secretion

  absorption

• protect

  act as a barrier

  diffuse a bomb

  sweat

  melt

​Classification of Epithelial Tissue

​

Classified according to number of cell layers and cell shape

Simple and stratified = number of cell layers

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional= cell shape

​

​Types of Epithelial Tissues

​

Simple Epithelium

Structure: 1 layer of cells

​

Stratified Epithelium

Structure: many layers of cells

​

Simple Squamous

Structure: 1 layer of flat, tile-like cells

Function: diffusion and filtration

Location: blood vessels, lungs, heart, kidneys

​

​Simple Cuboidal

Structure: 1 layer of square-shaped cells

Function: secretion

Location: glands, ovaries, kidneys

​

Simple Columnar

Structure: 1 layer of tall, narrow cells

Function: secrete mucus and absorption

Location: stomach, intestines, resp. tract

​

Pseudostratified Columnar

Structure: 1 layer of tall, narrow cells appears stratified but isn’t

Function: secrete mucus and propel debris out of resp. tract (cilia)

Location: nasal cavity and trachea

​

​

​

​Stratified Squamous

Structure: many layers of flat, tile-like cells

Function: protect and acts as a barrier

Location: skin, mouth, throat, esophagus

​

Transitional

Structure: special type of stratified epi. changes shape (stretched squamous, not stretched cuboidal)

Function: hold fluids

Location: urinary bladder

​

Free Cell Surfaces

​

Surface not in contact with other cells

Smooth to reduce friction, Ex. Blood vessels

Microvilli:

- increase cell’s surface area

- Ex. Small intestine​

​Cilia:

- move materials across cell’s surface

- Ex. Trachea

​

Goblet cells:

- produce mucus

- Ex. Stomach

​

Cell Connections

Tight junctions:

- bind adjacent cells together

- Ex. Intestines

​

Desmosomes:

mechanical links that bind cells

​

Hemidesmosomes:

bind cells to basement membrane

​

​Gap junctions:

- small channels that allow molecules to pass between cells

- allow cells to communicate

- most common

​

Glands

structures that secrete substances onto a surface, into a

cavity, or into blood

​

Exocrine glands:

- glands with ducts

- Ex. Sweat or oil glands

​

Endocrine glands:

no ducts (directly into bloodstream)

Ex. Thyroid, thymus, pituitary glands, etc.

​

​Types of Exocrine Glands

Simple:

no branches

​

Compound:

many branches

​

Tubular:

end of duct

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Alveolus:

sac-like structure

​

​

​Connective Tissues Characteristics

​

• Cells far apart

• Contain large amounts of extracellular matrix

• Classified based on type of extracellular matrix and function

• Ex. Blast cells build, clast cells carve

• Extracellular matrix contains 3 components (in varying amounts): protein fibers, ground substance, fluid

• Ground substance: proteins and sugars

​

Types of Protein Fibers

• Collagen fibers:

look like ropes and are flexible but resist stretching

​

• Reticular fibers:

supporting network that fills spaces between organs and tissues

​

• Elastic fibers:

recoil after being stretched

​

​Functions of Connective Tissue

​

1. Enclose and separate:

Ex. around organs and muscles

2. Connect tissues:

Ex. Tendons: connect bone to muscle

Ex. Ligaments: connect bone to bone

3. Support and Movement:

Ex. bones

4. Storage:

Ex. bones store calcium and adipose tissue stores fat

5. Cushion and insulate:

Ex. adipose tissue protects organs and helps conserve

heat

6. Transport:

Ex. Blood

7. Protect:

Ex. Immune cells

​Types of Ordinary Connective Tissue

​

• Loose

Location: between organs, muscles, glands, skin

Structure: collagen fibers far apart

Function: support and protect

​

• Dense

Location: tendons, ligaments, skin

Structure: collagen fibers packed close together

Function: connect and can withstand pulling forces

​

• Adipose

Location: under skin and around organs

Structure: collagen and elastic fibers, cells filled

with lipids

Function: storage, insulate, cushion

​Cartilage

• Type of connective tissue

• Composed of chondrocytes

• Contains collagen

• Withstands compressions

• Provides support, flexibility, strength

​

Types of Cartilage

​

• Hyaline cartilage

Location: covers ends of bones

Structure: some collagen fibers

Function: reduces friction (cushion)

​

​• Fibrocartilage

Location: between vertebra

Structure: lots of collagen fibers

Function: can withstand compression

​

​

​• Elastic cartilage

Location: ear and tip of nose

Structure: elastic fibers

Function: can recoil

​

Bone

• Hard connective tissue

• 2 types: compact and spongy

• Composed of osteocytes

​

Blood

• Liquid connective tissue

• Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

• Transport food, oxygen, waste, hormones

Nervous Tissue

• Consist of neurons or nerve cells

• Found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

• Controls and coordinates body movements

• Includes axons, dendrites, cell bodies

​

Tissue Repair

• What is it?

substitution of dead cells for viable cells

• Regeneration:

cells of same type develop (no scar)

• Replacement:

cells of a different type develop (scar)​

​Inflammation

• Occurs when tissues are damaged

• Signals the body’s defenses (white blood cells) to destroy foreign materials and damaged cells so repair can occur.​

• Chemical mediators:

- released after injury

- cause dilation of blood vessels

​

Symptoms of Inflammation

1. Redness: blood vessels dilate

2. Heat: due to increased blood flow

3. Swelling: from water and proteins

4. Pain: nerve endings are stimulated by damage and swelling

​

Multiple Select

number of cell layers

• simple

• cuboidal

• stratified

• squamous

Multiple Select

cell shape

• simple

• cuboidal

• transitional

• squamous

• columnar

Multiple Choice

Structure: 1 layer of cell

• simple epithelium

• stratified epithelium

• simple squamous

• simple cuboidal

Multiple Choice

Structure: many layers of cells

• simple epithelium

• stratified epithelium

• simple squamous

• simple cuboidal

Multiple Choice

Structure: 1 layer of flat, tile-like cells

• simple columnar

• pseudostratified columnar

• simple squamous

• simple cuboidal

Multiple Choice

Structure: 1 layer of square-shaped cells

• simple columnar

• pseudostratified columnar

• simple squamous

• simple cuboidal

Multiple Choice

Structure: 1 layer of tall, narrow cells

• simple columnar

• pseudostratified columnar

• simple squamous

• simple cuboidal

Multiple Choice

Structure: 1 layer of tall, narrow cells appears stratified but isn’t

• simple columnar

• pseudostratified columnar

• simple squamous

• simple cuboidal

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Function: secrete mucus and absorption

• simple columnar

• pseudostratified columnar

• simple squamous

• simple cuboidal

Multiple Choice

Function: diffusion and filtration

• simple columnar

• pseudostratified columnar

• simple squamous

• simple cuboidal

Multiple Choice

Function: secretion

• simple columnar

• pseudostratified columnar

• simple squamous

• simple cuboidal

Multiple Choice

Function: secrete mucus and propel debris out of resp. tract (cilia)

• simple columnar

• pseudostratified columnar

• simple squamous

• simple cuboidal

Multiple Choice

Location: glands, ovaries, kidneys

• simple columnar

• pseudostratified columnar

• simple squamous

• simple cuboidal

Multiple Choice

Location: stomach, intestines, resp. tract

• simple columnar

• pseudostratified columnar

• simple squamous

• simple cuboidal

Multiple Choice

Location: blood vessels, lungs, heart, kidneys

• simple columnar

• pseudostratified columnar

• simple squamous

• simple cuboidal

Multiple Choice

Location: nasal cavity and trachea

• simple columnar

• pseudostratified columnar

• simple squamous

• simple cuboidal

Multiple Choice

Structure: many layers of flat, tile-like cells

• stratified squamous

• free cell surfaces

• transitional

Multiple Choice

Structure: special type of stratified epi. changes shape (stretched squamous, not stretched cuboidal)

• stratified squamous

• free cell surfaces

• transitional

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Surface not in contact with other cells

• stratified squamous

• free cell surfaces

• transitional

Multiple Choice

Function: hold fluids

• stratified squamous

• free cell surfaces

• transitional

Multiple Choice

Function: protect and acts as a barrier

• stratified squamous

• free cell surfaces

• transitional

Multiple Choice

Smooth to reduce friction, Ex. Blood vessels

• stratified squamous

• free cell surfaces

• transitional

Multiple Choice

Location: skin, mouth, throat, esophagus

• stratified squamous

• free cell surfaces

• transitional

Multiple Choice

Location: urinary bladder

• stratified squamous

• free cell surfaces

• transitional

Multiple Choice

move materials across cell’s surface

- Ex. Trachea

• microvilli

• cilia

• goblet cells

• tight junctions

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bind adjacent cells together

- Ex. Intestines

• microvilli

• cilia

• goblet cells

• tight junctions

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increase cell’s surface area

- Ex. Small intestine

• microvilli

• cilia

• goblet cells

• tight junctions

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produce mucus

- Ex. Stomach

• microvilli

• cilia

• goblet cells

• tight junctions

Multiple Choice

small channels that allow molecules to pass between cells

• desmosomes

• gap junctions

• hemidesmosomes

• glands

Multiple Choice

bind cells to basement membrane

• desmosomes

• gap junctions

• hemidesmosomes

• glands

Multiple Choice

allow cells to communicate

• desmosomes

• gap junctions

• hemidesmosomes

• glands

Multiple Choice

structures that secrete substances onto a surface, into a cavity, or into blood

• desmosomes

• gap junctions

• hemidesmosomes

• glands

Multiple Choice

mechanical links that bind cells

• desmosomes

• gap junctions

• hemidesmosomes

• glands

Multiple Choice

glands with ducts

• goblet cells

• exocrine glands

• endocrine glands

• desmosomes

Multiple Choice

glands with no ducts (directly into bloodstream)

• goblet cells

• exocrine glands

• endocrine glands

• desmosomes

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types of exocrine glands

• simple

• compound

• tubular

• cuboidal

• alveolus

Multiple Choice

no branches

• simple

• compound

• tubular

• alveolus

Multiple Choice

end of duct

• simple

• compound

• tubular

• alveolus

Multiple Choice

many branches

• simple

• compound

• tubular

• alveolus

Multiple Choice

sac-like structure

• simple

• compound

• tubular

• alveolus

Multiple Choice

Connective Tissues Characteristics:

Cells far apart

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Connective Tissues Characteristics:

Contain small amounts of extracellular matrix

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Connective Tissues Characteristics:

Classified based on type of extracellular matrix and function

• True

• False

Multiple Select

Extracellular matrix contains 3 components

• protein fibers

• cells

• fluid

• ground substance

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Ground substance:

• fibers

• proteins

• fluids

• sugars

Multiple Choice

recoil after being stretched

• collagen fibers

• reticular fibers

• elastic fibers

Multiple Choice

look like ropes and are flexible but resist stretching

• collagen fibers

• reticular fibers

• elastic fibers

Multiple Choice

supporting network that fills spaces between organs and tissues

• collagen fibers

• reticular fibers

• elastic fibers

Multiple Select

functions of connective tissues

• enclose and separate,

  connect tissues,

  support and movement

• transport,

  protect

• absorption,

  diffusion and filtraion

• storage,

  cushion and insulate

• secretion,

  condensation,

  melt

Multiple Choice

Location: tendons, ligaments, skin

• loose

• dense

• adipose

Multiple Choice

Location: between organs, muscles, glands, skin

• loose

• dense

• adipose

Multiple Choice

Location: under skin and around organs

• loose

• dense

• adipose

Multiple Choice

Structure: collagen fibers far apart

• loose

• dense

• adipose

Multiple Choice

Structure: collagen and elastic fibers, cells filled with lipids

• loose

• dense

• adipose

Multiple Choice

Structure: collagen fibers packed close together

• loose

• dense

• adipose

Multiple Choice

Function: storage, insulate, cushion

• loose

• dense

• adipose

Multiple Choice

Function: connect and can withstand pulling forces

• loose

• dense

• adipose

Multiple Choice

Function: support and protect

• loose

• dense

• adipose

Multiple Choice

Cartilage is a type of connective tissue

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Cartilage is composed of chondrocytes

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Cartilage doesn't contain collagen

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Cartilage can withstands compressions

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Cartilage doesn't provide support, flexibility, strength

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Location: ear and tip of nose

• hyaline cartilage

• fibrocartilage

• elastic cartilage

Multiple Choice

Location: between vertebra

• hyaline cartilage

• fibrocartilage

• elastic cartilage

Multiple Choice

Location: covers ends of bones

• hyaline cartilage

• fibrocartilage

• elastic cartilage

Multiple Choice

Structure: lots of collagen fibers

• hyaline cartilage

• fibrocartilage

• elastic cartilage

Multiple Choice

Structure: some collagen fibers

• hyaline cartilage

• fibrocartilage

• elastic cartilage

Multiple Choice

Structure: elastic fibers

• hyaline cartilage

• fibrocartilage

• elastic cartilage

Multiple Choice

Function: reduces friction (cushion)

• hyaline cartilage

• fibrocartilage

• elastic cartilage

Multiple Choice

Function: can withstand compression

• hyaline cartilage

• fibrocartilage

• elastic cartilage

Multiple Choice

Function: can recoil

• hyaline cartilage

• fibrocartilage

• elastic cartilage

Multiple Choice

Hard connective tissue

• blood

• bone

Multiple Choice

Liquid connective tissue

• blood

• bone

Multiple Choice

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

• blood

• bone

Multiple Choice

2 types: compact and spongy

• blood

• bone

Multiple Choice

Transport food, oxygen, waste, hormones

• blood

• bone

Multiple Choice

Composed of osteocytes

• blood

• bone

Multiple Choice

Consist of neurons or nerve cells

• nervous tissue

• tissue repair

• regeneration

• replacement

Multiple Choice

substitution of dead cells for viable cells

• nervous tissue

• tissue repair

• regeneration

• replacement

Multiple Choice

Found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

• nervous tissue

• tissue repair

• regeneration

• replacement

Multiple Choice

cells of same type develop (no scar)

• nervous tissue

• inflammation

• regeneration

• replacement

Multiple Choice

Occurs when tissues are damaged

• nervous tissue

• inflammation

• regeneration

• replacement

Multiple Choice

Controls and coordinates body movements

• nervous tissue

• inflammation

• regeneration

• replacement

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cells of a different type develop (scar)

• nervous tissue

• inflammation

• regeneration

• replacement

Multiple Choice

Signals the body’s defenses (white blood cells) to destroy foreign materials and damaged cells so repair can occur

• nervous tissue

• inflammation

• regeneration

• tissue repair

Multiple Choice

Includes axons, dendrites, cell bodie

• nervous tissue

• inflammation

• tissue repair

• replacement

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Inflammation: Chemical mediators

• nervous tissue

• released after injury

• cause dilation of blood vessels

• tissue repair

Multiple Choice

blood vessels dilate

• swelling (tumor)

• redness (rubor)

• heat (calor)

• pain (dolor)

Multiple Choice

due to increased blood flow

• swelling (tumor)

• redness (rubor)

• heat (calor)

• pain (dolor)

Multiple Choice

from water and proteins

• swelling (tumor)

• redness (rubor)

• heat (calor)

• pain (dolor)

Multiple Choice

nerve endings are stimulated by damage and swelling

• swelling (tumor)

• redness (rubor)

• heat (calor)

• pain (dolor)